A 21-kDa heteropolysaccharide, coded as GFPS1b, was obtained from the cultured mycelia of Grifola frondosa GF9801 by hot-water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and fractioned by DEAE Sepharose Fast-flow, followed by the purification with Sephadex G-100 column chromatography using an AKTA purifier. It exhibited more potent anti-proliferative activity on MCF-7 cells than other polysaccharide fractions. GFPS1b was an acidic polysaccharide with approximately 16.60% protein and 4.3% uronic acid. Gas chromatography of absolute acid hydrolysate of GFPS1b suggested that it was composed of d-glucose, d-galactose, and l-arabinose with a molar ratio of 4:2:1. Periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, partial acid hydrolyzation, methylation analysis, FT-IR, and 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that GFPS1b had a backbone consisting of α-(1→v4)-linked d-galacopyranosyl and α-(1→3)-linked d-glucopyranosyl residues substituted at O-6 with glycosyl residues composed of α-l-arabinose-(1→4)-α-d-glucose (1→ linked residues.

heteropolysaccharide, structure analysis, Grifola frondosa, anti-tumor activity

13C NMR data:
Linkage	Residue	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6
3,3,3,4,6,3,3,3	aDGalp	96.1	69.8	69.3	78.4	69.3	61.3
3,3,3,4,6,3,3	aDGlcp	101.7	73.1	82.2	72.6	75.1	62.9
3,3,3,4,6,3	aDGlcp	101.7	73.1	82.2	72.6	75.1	62.9
3,3,3,4,6,6,4	aLAraf	104.1	82.0	77.4	84.9	62.0
3,3,3,4,6,6	aDGlcp	99.3	69.8	71.1	70.2	69.0	69.5
3,3,3,4,6	aDGlcp	103.5	74.6	85.9	69.3	76.7	70.8
3,3,3,4	aDGalp	99.3	69.8	71.1	70.2	69.0	69.5
3,3,3	aDGalp	96.1	69.8	69.3	78.4	69.3	61.3
3,3	aDGlcp	101.7	73.1	82.2	72.6	75.1	62.9
3	aDGlcp	101.7	73.1	82.2	72.6	75.1	62.9
6,4	aLAraf	104.1	82.0	77.4	84.9	62.0
6	aDGlcp	99.3	69.8	71.1	70.2	69.0	69.5
	aDGlcp	103.5	74.6	85.9	69.3	76.7	70.8


1H NMR data:
Linkage	Residue	H1	H2	H3	H4	H5	H6
3,3,3,4,6,3,3,3	aDGalp	5.00	3.93	3.97	4.25	4.37	3.72
3,3,3,4,6,3,3	aDGlcp	5.25	3.60	3.81	3.34	3.62	3.83
3,3,3,4,6,3	aDGlcp	5.25	3.60	3.81	3.34	3.62	3.83
3,3,3,4,6,6,4	aLAraf	4.99	4.19	3.94	4.09	3.85
3,3,3,4,6,6	aDGlcp	5.00	3.87	3.55	4.11	4.04	3.93
3,3,3,4,6	aDGlcp	5.09	3.75	3.79	3.21	3.57	3.79
3,3,3,4	aDGalp	5.00	3.87	3.55	4.11	4.04	3.93
3,3,3	aDGalp	5.00	3.93	3.97	4.25	4.37	3.72
3,3	aDGlcp	5.25	3.60	3.81	3.34	3.62	3.83
3	aDGlcp	5.25	3.60	3.81	3.34	3.62	3.83
6,4	aLAraf	4.99	4.19	3.94	4.09	3.85
6	aDGlcp	5.00	3.87	3.55	4.11	4.04	3.93
	aDGlcp	5.09	3.75	3.79	3.21	3.57	3.79


1H/13C HSQC data:
Linkage	Residue	C1/H1	C2/H2	C3/H3	C4/H4	C5/H5	C6/H6
3,3,3,4,6,3,3,3	aDGalp	96.1/5.00	69.8/3.93	69.3/3.97	78.4/4.25	69.3/4.37	61.3/3.72
3,3,3,4,6,3,3	aDGlcp	101.7/5.25	73.1/3.60	82.2/3.81	72.6/3.34	75.1/3.62	62.9/3.83
3,3,3,4,6,3	aDGlcp	101.7/5.25	73.1/3.60	82.2/3.81	72.6/3.34	75.1/3.62	62.9/3.83
3,3,3,4,6,6,4	aLAraf	104.1/4.99	82.0/4.19	77.4/3.94	84.9/4.09	62.0/3.85
3,3,3,4,6,6	aDGlcp	99.3/5.00	69.8/3.87	71.1/3.55	70.2/4.11	69.0/4.04	69.5/3.93
3,3,3,4,6	aDGlcp	103.5/5.09	74.6/3.75	85.9/3.79	69.3/3.21	76.7/3.57	70.8/3.79
3,3,3,4	aDGalp	99.3/5.00	69.8/3.87	71.1/3.55	70.2/4.11	69.0/4.04	69.5/3.93
3,3,3	aDGalp	96.1/5.00	69.8/3.93	69.3/3.97	78.4/4.25	69.3/4.37	61.3/3.72
3,3	aDGlcp	101.7/5.25	73.1/3.60	82.2/3.81	72.6/3.34	75.1/3.62	62.9/3.83
3	aDGlcp	101.7/5.25	73.1/3.60	82.2/3.81	72.6/3.34	75.1/3.62	62.9/3.83
6,4	aLAraf	104.1/4.99	82.0/4.19	77.4/3.94	84.9/4.09	62.0/3.85
6	aDGlcp	99.3/5.00	69.8/3.87	71.1/3.55	70.2/4.11	69.0/4.04	69.5/3.93
	aDGlcp	103.5/5.09	74.6/3.75	85.9/3.79	69.3/3.21	76.7/3.57	70.8/3.79

There is only one chemically distinct structure:

SVGMWSMILES3D molIonize

 

[*]O[C@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@@H]4[C@@H](O)[C@@H](OC[C@H]5O[C@H](O[C@H]6[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@H]7[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@H]8[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@@H]9[C@@H](O)[C@@H]([*])O[C@H](CO[C@H]%10O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@@H]%11O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]%11O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%10O)[C@H]9O)[C@@H]8O)[C@@H]7O)[C@H](O)[C@H]6O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]5O)O[C@H](CO[C@H]5O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@@H]6O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]6O)[C@H](O)[C@H]5O)[C@H]4O)[C@@H]3O)[C@@H]2O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O

2047.781 g/mol (C₇₆H₁₂₆R₂O₆₃, R = next and previous repeats, not counted in mol weight)

Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray is a widely consumed edible and medicinal fungus, Ancient books record that it can boost qi and fortify the spleen, moisten the lung and protect the liver. Modern people mainly use it to assist in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and various cancers. Over the past three decades, G. frondosa polysaccharides were shown to possess various promising bioactivities, mainly including antitumor and immunomodulation, anti-oxidation, anti-hyperglycemia, and meanwhile can effectively act on the skin and hematopoietic stem cells. The purpose of the present review is to provide systematically reorganized information on structural characteristics, biological activities, and structure-activity relationship of G. frondosa polysaccharides to support their further therapeutic potentials and sanitarian functions.

MD-fraction, Maitake, SX-fraction, MD-fraction; Maitake; SX-fraction

There is only one chemically distinct structure:

SVGMWSMILES3D molIonize

 

[*]O[C@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@@H]4[C@@H](O)[C@@H](OC[C@H]5O[C@H](O[C@H]6[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@H]7[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@H]8[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@@H]9[C@@H](O)[C@@H]([*])O[C@H](CO[C@H]%10O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@@H]%11O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]%11O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%10O)[C@H]9O)[C@@H]8O)[C@@H]7O)[C@H](O)[C@H]6O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]5O)O[C@H](CO[C@H]5O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@@H]6O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]6O)[C@H](O)[C@H]5O)[C@H]4O)[C@@H]3O)[C@@H]2O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O

2047.781 g/mol (C₇₆H₁₂₆R₂O₆₃, R = next and previous repeats, not counted in mol weight)

Background: Grifola frondosa is a valuable fungus with high health and medicinal value, and it plays an important role in the treatment of diseases as traditional Chinese medicine. Among them, the active ingredient that plays the main function was polysaccharides. Although some work had summarized the structure, physicochemical properties and biological activities of G. frondosa polysaccharides (GFPs), it was not systematic and in-depth enough. Now, a detailed summary of GFPs with the new light is necessary to address their future aspects and application. Scope and approach: This review provides new light and updated overview of GFPs and their derivatives on extraction methods, structural diversity and as being biological response modifiers. This work will further improve the understanding of the structural diversity, biological activities and structure-activity relationship of GFPs, and provide a reference for its further development and application. Key founds and conclusion: Numerous studies had focused on the extraction, structural characterization and biological activities of GFPs. However, the active mechanism of GFPs is not very clear. The elucidation of the active mechanism of GFPs is of great significance for its application in the field of biomedicine. Besides, GFPs play an important role in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes as biological response modifiers, but other potential effects still need further to be developed.

derivatives, biological response modifiers, structural diversity, G. frondosa polysaccharides, future trends

There is only one chemically distinct structure:

SVGMWSMILES3D molIonize

 

[*]O[C@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@@H]4[C@@H](O)[C@@H](OC[C@H]5O[C@H](O[C@H]6[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@H]7[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@H]8[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@@H]9[C@@H](O)[C@@H]([*])O[C@H](CO[C@H]%10O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@@H]%11O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]%11O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%10O)[C@H]9O)[C@@H]8O)[C@@H]7O)[C@H](O)[C@H]6O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]5O)O[C@H](CO[C@H]5O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@@H]6O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]6O)[C@H](O)[C@H]5O)[C@H]4O)[C@@H]3O)[C@@H]2O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O

2047.781 g/mol (C₇₆H₁₂₆R₂O₆₃, R = next and previous repeats, not counted in mol weight)