Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531

• Article ID: 460
  Torzewska A, Kocharova NA, Zatonsky GV, Blaszczyk A, Bystrova OV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Rozalski A "Structure of the O-polysaccharide and serological cross-reactivity of the Providencia stuartii O33 lipopolysaccharide containing 4-(N-acetyl-D-aspart-4-yl)amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose" - FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 41(2) (2004) 133-139
  

  The O-polysaccharide of Providencia stuartii O33 was obtained by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide and the following structure of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit was established: →6)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→3)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-D-Quip4N(Ac-D-Asp)-(1→, where d-Qui4N(Ac-D-Asp) is 4-(N-acetyl-D-aspart-4-yl)amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose. Structural studies were performed using sugar and methylation analyses and NMR spectroscopy, including conventional 2D 1H, 1H COSY, TOCSY, NOESY and 1H, 13C HSQC experiments as well as COSY and NOESY experiments in an H2O-D2O mixture to reveal correlations for NH protons. The O-polysaccharide of P. stuartii O33 shares an α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-D-Quip4N(Ac-D-Asp) epitope with that of Proteus mirabilis O38, which seems to be responsible for a marked serological cross-reactivity of anti-P. stuartii O33 serum with the lipopolysaccharide of the latter bacterium. P. stuartii O33 is serologically related also to P. stuartii O4, whose O-polysaccharide contains a lateral β-D-Qui4N(Ac-L-Asp) residue.

  Lipopolysaccharide, O-antigen, bacterial polysaccharide structure, serological relationship, Providencia stuartii

  NCBI PubMed ID: 15145457
  Journal NLM ID: 9315554
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: rozala@biol.uni.lodz.pl
  Institutions: Department of Immunobiology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16,90-237 Lodz, Poland
  Methods: methylation, NMR-2D, NMR
  
   
  
  Providencia stuartii O33
  CSDB ID 8932 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4329
  Knirel YA "Structure of O-antigens" - Book: Bacterial lipopolysaccharides: Structure, chemical synthesis, biogenesis and interaction with host cells (2011) Chapter 3, 41-115
  

  The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major constituent of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Its lipid A moiety is embedded in the membrane and serves as an anchor for the rest of the LPS molecule. The outermost repetitive glycan region of the LPS is linked to the lipid A through a core oligosaccharide (OS), and is designated as the O-specific polysaccharide (O-polysaccharide, OPS) or O-antigen. The O-antigen is the most variable portion of the LPS and provides serological specificity, which is used for bacterial serotyping. The OPS also provides protection to the microorganisms from host defenses such as complement mediated killing and phagocytosis, and is involved in interactions of bacteria with plants and bacteriophages. Studies of the OPSs ranging from the elucidation of their chemical structures and conformations to their biological and physico-chemical properties help improving classification schemes of Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, these studies contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of infectious diseases, as well as provided information to develop novel vaccines and diagnostic reagents.

  Lipopolysaccharide, synthesis, lipopolysaccharides, structure, Bacterial, host, O-antigen, O antigen, cell, O antigens, O-antigens, chemical, interaction, cells, PDF, chemical synthesis, biogenesis

  Publication DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0733-1_3
  Publisher: Springer
  Correspondence: knirel@ioc.ac.ru
  Editors: Knirel YA, Valvano MA
  Institutions: Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  
   
  
  Providencia stuartii O33
  CSDB ID 27602 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4589
  Ovchinnikova OG, Rozalski A, Liu B, Knirel YA "O-Antigens of bacteria of the genus Providencia: structure, serology, genetics, and biosynthesis" - Biochemistry (Moscow) 78(7) (2013) 798-817
  

  The genus Providencia consists of eight species of opportunistic pathogenic enterobacteria that can cause enteric diseases and urinary tract infections. The existing combined serological classification scheme of three species, P. alcalifaciens, P. stuartii, and P. rustigianii, is based on the specificity of O-antigens (O-polysaccharides) and comprises 63 O-serogroups. Differences between serogroups are related to polymorphism at a specific genome locus, the O-antigen gene cluster, responsible for O-antigen biosynthesis. This review presents data on structures of 36 O-antigens of Providencia, many of which contain unusual monosaccharides and non-carbohydrate components. The structural data correlate with the immunospecificity of the O-antigens and enable substantiation on a molecular level of serological relationships within the genus Providencia and between strains of Providencia and bacteria of the genera Proteus, Escherichia, and Salmonella. Peculiar features of the O-antigen gene cluster organization in 10 Providencia serogroups and biosynthetic pathways of nucleotide precursors of specific monosaccharide components of the O-antigens also are discussed.

  Lipopolysaccharide, biosynthesis, O-antigen, gene cluster, Providencia, serological specificity

  NCBI PubMed ID: 24010842
  Publication DOI: 10.1134/S0006297913070110
  Journal NLM ID: 0376536
  Publisher: Nauka/Interperiodica
  Correspondence: olga.ovchinnikova@gmail.com
  Institutions: ND Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Department of Immunobiology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Lodz, PL 90-237 Lodz, Poland, TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, 300457 Tianjin, P. R. China
  
   
  
  Providencia stuartii O52:H4 (5982/52)
  CSDB ID 29702 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6301
  Qin CJ, Ding MR, Tian GZ, Zou XP, Fu JJ, Hu J, Yin J "Chemical approaches towards installation of rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans" - Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines = Zhongguo Tianran Yaowu 20(6) (2022) 401-420
  

  Bacterial surface glycans perform a diverse and important set of biological roles, and have been widely used in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases. The majority of bacterial surface glycans are decorated with diverse rare functional groups, including amido, acetamidino, carboxamido and pyruvate groups. These functional groups are thought to be important constituents for the biological activities of glycans. Chemical synthesis of glycans bearing these functional groups or their variants is essential for the investigation of structure-activity relationships by a medicinal chemistry approach. To date, a broad choice of synthetic methods is available for targeting the different rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans. This article reviews the structures of naturally occurring rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans, and the chemical methods used for installation of these groups.

  chemical synthesis, acetamidino group, amido group, bacterial surface glycan, carboxamido group, pyruvyl ketal

  NCBI PubMed ID: 35750381
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5364(22)60177-8
  Journal NLM ID: 101504416
  Publisher: Beijing: Science Press; Elsevier
  Correspondence: J. Yin
  Institutions: Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
  
   
  
  Providencia stuartii O33
  CSDB ID 21172 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135813,IEDB_136044,IEDB_137340,IEDB_137472,IEDB_1391962,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141807,IEDB_142078,IEDB_143794,IEDB_150899,IEDB_151531,IEDB_157001,IEDB_190606,SB_137,SB_156,SB_165,SB_166,SB_173,SB_187,SB_195,SB_29,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 460
  Torzewska A, Kocharova NA, Zatonsky GV, Blaszczyk A, Bystrova OV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Rozalski A "Structure of the O-polysaccharide and serological cross-reactivity of the Providencia stuartii O33 lipopolysaccharide containing 4-(N-acetyl-D-aspart-4-yl)amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose" - FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 41(2) (2004) 133-139
  

  The O-polysaccharide of Providencia stuartii O33 was obtained by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide and the following structure of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit was established: →6)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→3)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-D-Quip4N(Ac-D-Asp)-(1→, where d-Qui4N(Ac-D-Asp) is 4-(N-acetyl-D-aspart-4-yl)amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose. Structural studies were performed using sugar and methylation analyses and NMR spectroscopy, including conventional 2D 1H, 1H COSY, TOCSY, NOESY and 1H, 13C HSQC experiments as well as COSY and NOESY experiments in an H2O-D2O mixture to reveal correlations for NH protons. The O-polysaccharide of P. stuartii O33 shares an α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-D-Quip4N(Ac-D-Asp) epitope with that of Proteus mirabilis O38, which seems to be responsible for a marked serological cross-reactivity of anti-P. stuartii O33 serum with the lipopolysaccharide of the latter bacterium. P. stuartii O33 is serologically related also to P. stuartii O4, whose O-polysaccharide contains a lateral β-D-Qui4N(Ac-L-Asp) residue.

  Lipopolysaccharide, O-antigen, bacterial polysaccharide structure, serological relationship, Providencia stuartii

  NCBI PubMed ID: 15145457
  Journal NLM ID: 9315554
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: rozala@biol.uni.lodz.pl
  Institutions: Department of Immunobiology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16,90-237 Lodz, Poland
  Methods: methylation, NMR-2D, NMR
  
   
  
  Providencia stuartii O4
  CSDB ID 9070 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_120354,IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_151531,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 460
  Torzewska A, Kocharova NA, Zatonsky GV, Blaszczyk A, Bystrova OV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Rozalski A "Structure of the O-polysaccharide and serological cross-reactivity of the Providencia stuartii O33 lipopolysaccharide containing 4-(N-acetyl-D-aspart-4-yl)amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose" - FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 41(2) (2004) 133-139
  

  The O-polysaccharide of Providencia stuartii O33 was obtained by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide and the following structure of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit was established: →6)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→3)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-D-Quip4N(Ac-D-Asp)-(1→, where d-Qui4N(Ac-D-Asp) is 4-(N-acetyl-D-aspart-4-yl)amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose. Structural studies were performed using sugar and methylation analyses and NMR spectroscopy, including conventional 2D 1H, 1H COSY, TOCSY, NOESY and 1H, 13C HSQC experiments as well as COSY and NOESY experiments in an H2O-D2O mixture to reveal correlations for NH protons. The O-polysaccharide of P. stuartii O33 shares an α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-D-Quip4N(Ac-D-Asp) epitope with that of Proteus mirabilis O38, which seems to be responsible for a marked serological cross-reactivity of anti-P. stuartii O33 serum with the lipopolysaccharide of the latter bacterium. P. stuartii O33 is serologically related also to P. stuartii O4, whose O-polysaccharide contains a lateral β-D-Qui4N(Ac-L-Asp) residue.

  Lipopolysaccharide, O-antigen, bacterial polysaccharide structure, serological relationship, Providencia stuartii

  NCBI PubMed ID: 15145457
  Journal NLM ID: 9315554
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: rozala@biol.uni.lodz.pl
  Institutions: Department of Immunobiology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16,90-237 Lodz, Poland
  Methods: methylation, NMR-2D, NMR
  
   
  
  Proteus mirabilis O38
  CSDB ID 9071 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_120354,IEDB_123890,IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_151531,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 498
  Kondakova AN, Linder B, Fudala R, Senchenkova SN, Moll H, Shashkov AS, Kaca W, Zähringer U, Knirel YA "New stuctures of the O-specific polysaccharides of Proteus. Part 4. Polysaccharides containing unusual acidic N-acyl derivatives of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose" - Biochemistry (Moscow) 69(9) (2004) 1034-1043
  

  The structures of the O-polysaccharides of the lipopolysaccharides of Proteus mirabilis O7 and O49 were determined by chemical methods, mass spectrometry, including MS/MS, and NMR spectroscopy, including experiments run in an H2O/D2O mixture to reveal correlations for NH protons. The O-polysaccharides were found to contain N-carboxyacetyl (malonyl) and N-(3-carboxypropanoyl) (succinyl) derivatives of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose (4-amino-4-deoxyquinovose, Qui4N), respectively. The behavior of Qui4N derivatives with the dicarboxylic acids under conditions of acid hydrolysis and methanolysis was studied using GLC-MS.

  O-polysaccharide, Proteus mirabilis, 6-dideoxy-d-glucose, 4-amino-4, malonic acid, succinic acid, aspartic acid, MS/MS

  NCBI PubMed ID: 15521818
  Journal NLM ID: 0376536
  Publisher: Nauka/Interperiodica
  Correspondence: knirel@ioc.ac.ru
  Institutions: Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland, Swietokrzyska Academy, Kielce, Poland
  Methods: methylation, NMR-2D, NMR, ESI-MS, IRMPD-MS/MS
  
   
  
  Proteus mirabilis O38
  CSDB ID 9328 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 499
  Kocharova NA, Senchenkova SN, Kondakova AN, Gremyakov AI, Zatonsky GV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Kochetkov NK "D- And L-aspartic acids: new non-sugar components of bacterial polysaccharides" - Biochemistry (Moscow) 69(1) (2004) 103-107
  

  For the first time in bacterial polysaccharides, residues of D- and L-aspartic acids were identified as N-acyl substituents of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose in the O-antigens of enterobacteria of the genera Providencia and Proteus.

  Lipopolysaccharide, NMR, LPS, structure, Bacterial, structural, polysaccharide, O-antigen, O antigen, acidic, acidic polysaccharide, acid, phosphate, bacteria, O-specific, O-specific polysaccharide, Providencia, Proteus, Proteus mirabilis, serological, Ethanolamine phosphate, Bacterial polysaccharide, polysaccharides, component, bacterial polysaccharides, amino acid, PDF, aspartic acid, N-linked, Acids

  NCBI PubMed ID: 14972025
  Journal NLM ID: 0376536
  Publisher: Nauka/Interperiodica
  Correspondence: knirel@ioc.ac.ru
  Institutions: Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  Methods: methylation, NMR-2D, NMR, HF solvolysis, ESI-MS, Smith degradation, triflic acid solvolysis
  
   
  
  Proteus mirabilis O38
  CSDB ID 9220 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 897
  Kondakova AN, Senchenkova SN, Gremyakov AI, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Fudala R, Kaca W "Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O38 containing 2-acetamidoethyl phosphate and N-linked D-aspartic acid" - Carbohydrate Research 338(22) (2003) 2387-2392
  

  The O-antigen of Proteus mirabilis O38 was found to be unique among bacterial polysaccharides and to have the following structure: [carbohydrate structure in text] where D-Qui4N(Ac-D-Asp) is 4-(N-acetyl-D-aspart-4-ylamino)-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose and AcEtnP is 2-acetamidoethyl phosphate. Neither of these entities have been hitherto found in natural polysaccharides. Structural studies were performed using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, including experiments run in an H2O/D2O mixture to reveal correlations for NH protons. In addition, dephosphorylation, carboxyl reduction and selective cleavages were applied. Solvolysis of the polysaccharide with anhydrous HF gave an α-D-GlcNAc-(1→3)-D-Qui4N(Ac-D-Asp) disaccharide. Solvolysis with trifluoromethanesulfonic (triflic) acid afforded D-GlcNAc6(AcEtnP), thus showing the suitability of this reagent for the preparation of phosphorylated sugar derivatives.

  Lipopolysaccharide, Proteus mirabilis, aspartic acid, O-Polysaccharide structure, serogroup classification

  NCBI PubMed ID: 14572723
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.07.001
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: knirel@ioc.ac.ru
  Institutions: N.D.Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland, Center of Microbiology and Virology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
  Methods: NMR, HF solvolysis, dephosphorylation, ESI-MS, carboxyl reduction, triflic acid solvolysis
  
   
  
  Proteus mirabilis O38
  CSDB ID 2863 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4043
  Kaca W, Glenska J, Lechowicz L, Grabowski S, Brauner A, Kwinkowski M "Serotyping of Proteus mirabilis clinical strains based on lipopolysaccharide O-polysaccharide and core oligosaccharide structures" - Biochemistry (Moscow) 76(7) (2011) 851-861
  

  The aim of this work was to serotype Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infection (UTI) strains based on chemically defined O-antigens with the use of two clinical collections from Sweden and Poland consisting of 99 and 24 UTI strains, respectively. A simple two-step serotyping scheme was proposed using enzyme immunoassay with heat-stable surface antigens of Proteus cells and immunoblotting with isolated lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Using polyclonal anti-P. mirabilis rabbit antisera, 50 Swedish and 8 Polish strains were classified into serogroups O10, O38, O36, O30, O17, O23, O9, O40, O49, O27, O5, O13, O24, O14, and O33. From the Swedish strains, 10 belonged to serogroup O10 and five to each of serogroups O38, O36, and O9. Therefore, none of the O-serogroups was predominant. The majority of the serotyped clinical strains possess acidic O-antigens containing uronic acids and various acidic non-carbohydrate substituents. In immunoblotting, antisera cross-reacted with both O-antigen and core of LPSs. The core region of 19 LPSs bound a single serum, and that of 12 LPSs bound more than two sera. Following bioinformatic analysis of the available sequences, a molecular approach to the prediction of Proteus core oligosaccharide structures was proposed. The identification of the core type of P. mirabilis R110, derived from a serogroup O3 wild strain, using restriction fragments length polymorphism analysis of galacturonic acid transferase is shown as an example. In summary, the most frequent O-serogroups among P. mirabilis UTI stains were identified. The diversity of serological reactions of LPSs is useful for serotyping of P. mirabilis clinical isolates. A possible role of the acidic components of O-antigens in UTI is discussed.

  Lipopolysaccharide, O-antigen, Proteus mirabilis, serology, serotyping, glycosyl transferas

  NCBI PubMed ID: 21999547
  Publication DOI: 10.1134/S0006297911070169
  Journal NLM ID: 0376536
  Publisher: Nauka/Interperiodica
  Correspondence: wieslaw.kaca@ujk.edu.pl
  Institutions: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
  Methods: PCR, SDS-PAGE, EIA, serological methods, immunoblotting, bioinformatic analysis
  
   
  
  Proteus mirabilis O38
  CSDB ID 26669 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5423
  Dobrochaeva KL, Khasbiulina NR, Shilova NV, Obukhova PS, Knirel YA, Nokel AY, Bovin NV "Human antibodies eluted from ligand-free Sepharose capable of binding bacterial polysaccharides and sulfated glycans" - Molecular Immunology 106 (2019) 63-68
  

  Sepharose matrix without immobilized ligands binds antibodies from human blood serum or immunoglobulin preparations. The eluted antibodies bind bacterial polysaccharides having no structural similarity to agarose (Sepharose is a cross-linked polysaccharide agarose) with a high affinity. It is concluded that the identified antibodies are capable of recognizing spatial rather than linear epitopes of bacterial polysaccharides. This side activity of Sepharose matrix should be taken into account in isolating target antibodies and other proteins from human blood.

  antibodies, bacteria, polysaccharides, printed glycan array, Agarose, Sepharose

  NCBI PubMed ID: 30583222
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.011
  Journal NLM ID: 7905289
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: N.V. Bovin
  Institutions: Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, Moscow, Russian Federation, Semiotik LLC, Moscow, Russian Federation, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky pr., Moscow, Russian Federation, School of Engineering, Computer & Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
  Methods: serological methods, UV, affinity chromatography, antibody binding, glycan array analysis, microarray binding assays, serum analysis, isolation of antibodies
  
   
  
  Proteus mirabilis O38
  CSDB ID 694 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531

• Article ID: 499
  Kocharova NA, Senchenkova SN, Kondakova AN, Gremyakov AI, Zatonsky GV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Kochetkov NK "D- And L-aspartic acids: new non-sugar components of bacterial polysaccharides" - Biochemistry (Moscow) 69(1) (2004) 103-107
  

  For the first time in bacterial polysaccharides, residues of D- and L-aspartic acids were identified as N-acyl substituents of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose in the O-antigens of enterobacteria of the genera Providencia and Proteus.

  Lipopolysaccharide, NMR, LPS, structure, Bacterial, structural, polysaccharide, O-antigen, O antigen, acidic, acidic polysaccharide, acid, phosphate, bacteria, O-specific, O-specific polysaccharide, Providencia, Proteus, Proteus mirabilis, serological, Ethanolamine phosphate, Bacterial polysaccharide, polysaccharides, component, bacterial polysaccharides, amino acid, PDF, aspartic acid, N-linked, Acids

  NCBI PubMed ID: 14972025
  Journal NLM ID: 0376536
  Publisher: Nauka/Interperiodica
  Correspondence: knirel@ioc.ac.ru
  Institutions: Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  Methods: methylation, NMR-2D, NMR, HF solvolysis, ESI-MS, Smith degradation, triflic acid solvolysis
  
   
  
  Proteus mirabilis O38
  CSDB ID 9329 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531

• Article ID: 499
  Kocharova NA, Senchenkova SN, Kondakova AN, Gremyakov AI, Zatonsky GV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Kochetkov NK "D- And L-aspartic acids: new non-sugar components of bacterial polysaccharides" - Biochemistry (Moscow) 69(1) (2004) 103-107
  

  For the first time in bacterial polysaccharides, residues of D- and L-aspartic acids were identified as N-acyl substituents of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose in the O-antigens of enterobacteria of the genera Providencia and Proteus.

  Lipopolysaccharide, NMR, LPS, structure, Bacterial, structural, polysaccharide, O-antigen, O antigen, acidic, acidic polysaccharide, acid, phosphate, bacteria, O-specific, O-specific polysaccharide, Providencia, Proteus, Proteus mirabilis, serological, Ethanolamine phosphate, Bacterial polysaccharide, polysaccharides, component, bacterial polysaccharides, amino acid, PDF, aspartic acid, N-linked, Acids

  NCBI PubMed ID: 14972025
  Journal NLM ID: 0376536
  Publisher: Nauka/Interperiodica
  Correspondence: knirel@ioc.ac.ru
  Institutions: Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  Methods: methylation, NMR-2D, NMR, HF solvolysis, ESI-MS, Smith degradation, triflic acid solvolysis
  
   
  
  Proteus mirabilis O38
  CSDB ID 353 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: polysaccharide part of a glycoconjugate, glycan repeating unit of the glycoconjugate
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135813,IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531

• Article ID: 806
  Hashimoto M, Asai Y, Jinno T, Adachi S, Kusumoto S "Structural elucidation of polysaccharide part of glycoconjugate from Treponema medium ATCC700293" - European Journal of Biochemistry 270 (2003) 2671-2679
  

  Glycoconjugates are distributed on the cell surfaces of some small-sized treponemes and have been reported to be completely different from lipopolysaccharides. We separated a glycoconjugate fraction from Treponema medium ATCC700293, a medium-sized oral spirochete, to assess its immunobiological activities and elucidate the chemical structure of its polysaccharide part using phenol/water extraction, hydrophobic chromatography, and gel .ltration. The glycoconjugate showed negligible or weak endotoxic and immunobiological properties. The chemical structure of the polysaccharide part was shown by two-dimensional NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS to be a tetrasaccharide backbone with two amino acids: -4)[Ac(1-3),Ac(1-2)]bDGlcpN3NA(1-4)[xLOrn(6-6)Ac(1-2)]bDManpN3NA(1-3)[Ac(1-2)]bDGlcpN(1-3)[xDAsp?(1-4)]aDFucp4N(1-.

  structural, polysaccharide, aspartic acid, MALDI-TOF MS, ornithine, glycoconjugate, medium, Treponema

  NCBI PubMed ID: 12787034
  Journal NLM ID: 0107600
  Publisher: Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies
  Correspondence: tomo527@dent.asahi-u.ac.jp
  Institutions: Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu, Japan, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
  Methods: NMR-2D, ESI-MS, MALDI-TOF MS
  
   
  
  Treponema medium ATCC 700293
  CSDB ID 2403 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 3697
  Harvey DJ "Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004" - Mass Spectrometry Reviews 28(2) (2009) 273-361
  

  This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted

  carbohydrates, glycosyltransferases, fragmentation, MALDI, glycolipids, glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycosidases, time-of-flight

  NCBI PubMed ID: 18825656
  Publication DOI: 10.1002/mas.2019
  Journal NLM ID: 8219702
  Publisher: Wiley
  Correspondence: david.harvey@bioch.ox.ac.uk
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
  Methods: NMR, MALDI-TOF MS
  
   
  
  Treponema medium
  CSDB ID 23709 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6301
  Qin CJ, Ding MR, Tian GZ, Zou XP, Fu JJ, Hu J, Yin J "Chemical approaches towards installation of rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans" - Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines = Zhongguo Tianran Yaowu 20(6) (2022) 401-420
  

  Bacterial surface glycans perform a diverse and important set of biological roles, and have been widely used in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases. The majority of bacterial surface glycans are decorated with diverse rare functional groups, including amido, acetamidino, carboxamido and pyruvate groups. These functional groups are thought to be important constituents for the biological activities of glycans. Chemical synthesis of glycans bearing these functional groups or their variants is essential for the investigation of structure-activity relationships by a medicinal chemistry approach. To date, a broad choice of synthetic methods is available for targeting the different rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans. This article reviews the structures of naturally occurring rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans, and the chemical methods used for installation of these groups.

  chemical synthesis, acetamidino group, amido group, bacterial surface glycan, carboxamido group, pyruvyl ketal

  NCBI PubMed ID: 35750381
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5364(22)60177-8
  Journal NLM ID: 101504416
  Publisher: Beijing: Science Press; Elsevier
  Correspondence: J. Yin
  Institutions: Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
  
   
  
  Treponema medium ATCC 700293
  CSDB ID 21178 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: repeating unit of the glycoconjugate polysaccharide part
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135813,IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531

• Article ID: 806
  Hashimoto M, Asai Y, Jinno T, Adachi S, Kusumoto S "Structural elucidation of polysaccharide part of glycoconjugate from Treponema medium ATCC700293" - European Journal of Biochemistry 270 (2003) 2671-2679
  

  Glycoconjugates are distributed on the cell surfaces of some small-sized treponemes and have been reported to be completely different from lipopolysaccharides. We separated a glycoconjugate fraction from Treponema medium ATCC700293, a medium-sized oral spirochete, to assess its immunobiological activities and elucidate the chemical structure of its polysaccharide part using phenol/water extraction, hydrophobic chromatography, and gel .ltration. The glycoconjugate showed negligible or weak endotoxic and immunobiological properties. The chemical structure of the polysaccharide part was shown by two-dimensional NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS to be a tetrasaccharide backbone with two amino acids: -4)[Ac(1-3),Ac(1-2)]bDGlcpN3NA(1-4)[xLOrn(6-6)Ac(1-2)]bDManpN3NA(1-3)[Ac(1-2)]bDGlcpN(1-3)[xDAsp?(1-4)]aDFucp4N(1-.

  structural, polysaccharide, aspartic acid, MALDI-TOF MS, ornithine, glycoconjugate, medium, Treponema

  NCBI PubMed ID: 12787034
  Journal NLM ID: 0107600
  Publisher: Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies
  Correspondence: tomo527@dent.asahi-u.ac.jp
  Institutions: Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu, Japan, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
  Methods: NMR-2D, ESI-MS, MALDI-TOF MS
  
   
  
  Treponema medium ATCC 700293
  CSDB ID 2553 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531

• Article ID: 897
  Kondakova AN, Senchenkova SN, Gremyakov AI, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Fudala R, Kaca W "Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O38 containing 2-acetamidoethyl phosphate and N-linked D-aspartic acid" - Carbohydrate Research 338(22) (2003) 2387-2392
  

  The O-antigen of Proteus mirabilis O38 was found to be unique among bacterial polysaccharides and to have the following structure: [carbohydrate structure in text] where D-Qui4N(Ac-D-Asp) is 4-(N-acetyl-D-aspart-4-ylamino)-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose and AcEtnP is 2-acetamidoethyl phosphate. Neither of these entities have been hitherto found in natural polysaccharides. Structural studies were performed using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, including experiments run in an H2O/D2O mixture to reveal correlations for NH protons. In addition, dephosphorylation, carboxyl reduction and selective cleavages were applied. Solvolysis of the polysaccharide with anhydrous HF gave an α-D-GlcNAc-(1→3)-D-Qui4N(Ac-D-Asp) disaccharide. Solvolysis with trifluoromethanesulfonic (triflic) acid afforded D-GlcNAc6(AcEtnP), thus showing the suitability of this reagent for the preparation of phosphorylated sugar derivatives.

  Lipopolysaccharide, Proteus mirabilis, aspartic acid, O-Polysaccharide structure, serogroup classification

  NCBI PubMed ID: 14572723
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.07.001
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: knirel@ioc.ac.ru
  Institutions: N.D.Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland, Center of Microbiology and Virology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
  Methods: NMR, HF solvolysis, dephosphorylation, ESI-MS, carboxyl reduction, triflic acid solvolysis
  
   
  
  Proteus mirabilis O38
  CSDB ID 2915 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: peptidoglycan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135813,IEDB_136017,IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531,IEDB_1635957,IEDB_885814

• Article ID: 3225
  Courtin P, Miranda G, Guillot A, Wessner F, Merzange C, Domakova E, Kulakauskas S, Chapot-Chartier M "Peptidoglycan Structure Analysis of Lactococcus lactis Reveals the Presence of an L,D-Carboxypeptidase Involved inPeptidoglycan Maturation" - Journal of Bacteriology 188(14) (2006) 5293-5298
  

  Detailed structural analysis of Lactococcus lactis peptidoglycan was achieved by identification of its constituent muropeptides separated by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Modification of the classical elution buffer allowed direct and sensitive analysis of the purified muropeptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. The structures of 45 muropeptides were assigned for L. lactis strain MG1363. Analysis of the muropeptide composition of an MG1363 dacB mutant showed that the dacB-encoded protein has l,d-carboxypeptidase activity and is involved in peptidoglycan maturation.

  structure, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus, peptidoglycan, bacteriology

  NCBI PubMed ID: 16816203
  Journal NLM ID: 2985120R
  Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
  Correspondence: Marie-Pierre.Chapot@jouy.inra.fr
  Institutions: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite de Biochimie Bacterienne, Unite Bacteries Lactiques et Pathogenes Opportunistes, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
  Methods: MALDI-MS
  
   
  
  Lactococcus lactis MG1363
  CSDB ID 20018 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer biological repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_120354,IEDB_123890,IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_151531,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 4049
  Knirel YA, Perepelov AV, Kondakova AN, Senchenkova SN, Sidorczyk Z, Rozalski A, Kaca W "Structure and serology of O-antigens as the basis for classification of Proteus strains" - Innate Immunity 17(1) (2011) 70-96
  

  This review is devoted to structural and serological characteristics of the O-antigens (O-polysaccharides) of the lipopolysaccharides of various Proteus species, which provide the basis for classifying Proteus strains to O-serogroups. The antigenic relationships of Proteus strains within and beyond the genus as well as their O-antigen-related bioactivities are also discussed.

  Lipopolysaccharide, O-antigen, Proteus, polysaccharide structure, classification, Serological cross-reactivity, immunospecificity

  NCBI PubMed ID: 20305038
  Publication DOI: 10.1177/1753425909360668
  Journal NLM ID: 101469670
  Publisher: Sage Publications
  Correspondence: yknirel@gmail.com
  Institutions: N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland, Department of Microbiology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
  
   
  
  Proteus mirabilis O38 PrK 64/57
  CSDB ID 26737 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135813,IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531,IEDB_1635957,IEDB_241115,IEDB_423183,IEDB_885814

• Article ID: 4222
  Schubert K, Reiml D, Accolas JP, Fiedler F "A novel type of meso-diaminopimelic acid-based peptidoglycan and novel poly(erythritol phosphate) teichoic acids in cell walls of two coryneform isolates from the surface flora of french cooked cheeses" - Archives of Microbiology 160 (1993) 222-228
  

  The primary structure of the peptidoglycan and the teichoic acids of two coryneform isolates from the surface flora of French cooked cheeses, CNRZ 925 and CNRZ 926, have been determined. In the peptidoglycan, meso-diaminopimelic acid was localized in position three of the peptide subunit. It contained an D-glutamyl-D-aspartyl interpeptide bridge, connecting meso-diaminopimelic acid and D-alanine residues of adjacent peptide subunits. The alpha-carboxyl group of D-glutamic acid in position two of peptide subunits was substituted with glycine amide. The teichoic acid pattern and composition differed between the strains: both contained an erythritol teichoic acid and strain CNRZ 925 also contained an N-acetylglucosaminylphosphate polymer. The erythritol teichoic acids differed in terms of the quality and quantity of substituents, but they both had N,N'-diacetyl-2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxyglucuronic acid in common.

  3-diamino-2, cheese flora, erythritol teichoic acid, N, N'-diacetyl-2, 3-dideoxyglucuronic acid, m-Dpm based peptidoglycan containing a D-Glu-D-Asp interpeptide bridge

  NCBI PubMed ID: 8215798
  Publication DOI: 10.1007/BF00249128
  Journal NLM ID: 0410427
  Publisher: Berlin, New York: Springer
  Institutions: Institut für Genetik und Mikrobiologie der Universität München, Germany
  Methods: 13C NMR, periodate oxidation, gel filtration, TLC, acid hydrolysis, GLC, 3H NMR
  
   
  
  Corynebacterium sp. CNRZ 925, Corynebacterium sp. CNRZ 926
  CSDB ID 205072 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer biological repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531

• Article ID: 5151
  Du Y, Li H, Yin Z, Rozalski A, Torzewska A, Yang P, Qian C, Xu T, Cao H, Wu P, Jiang L, Guo X, Huang D, Liu B "Development of a molecular serotyping scheme and a multiplexed luminex-based array for Providencia" - Journal of Microbiological Methods 153 (2018) 14-23
  

  Providencia is an opportunistic human pathogen that belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. The bacterial cell surface O-antigen is one of the most structurally variable cell constituents and serves as a basis for serotyping gram-negative bacteria. In this work, the genomes of 12 Providencia strains were sequenced, and genes driving O-antigen biosynthesis were analyzed. The O-antigen-synthesizing genes of Providencia are located in the O-antigen gene cluster (OGC) between the cpxA and yibK genes. The gene functions predicted in silico agreed with the known O-antigen structures. All clusters were found to contain both wzx and wzy and exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity. Based on the sero-specific genes, we developed a molecular serotyping system to detect 23 serotypes (from the present and previous studies) for the first time. Five Proteus strains, five Morganella strains, five uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains and 32 Providencia strains with other serotypes were used to assess the specificity of our multiplexed Luminex-based array. Five serogroups (O3, O8, O19, O38 and O52 strains) were used to determine the sensitivity of the suspension array. The detection sensitivity was 0.1?ng genomic DNA, 103?CFU/ml in pure culture, or 104?CFU/ml in mock urine specimens. Furthermore, 29 publicly available Providencia genomes (which have not been serotyped) were analyzed, and 23 novel putative OGC types were identified. In total, we identified 35 new OGCs and developed a molecular serotyping system based on the sero-specific genes. The established classification system can support promising applications in basic research, clinical diagnosis, and epidemiological surveillance.

  molecular, Providencia, O-antigen gene cluster, Molecular serotyping system, suspension array

  NCBI PubMed ID: 30138644
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.08.009
  Journal NLM ID: 8306883
  Correspondence: B. Liu ; D. Huang
  Institutions: Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China, Department of Biology of Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  Methods: PCR, DNA sequencing, genetic methods, serotyping
  
   
  
  Providencia stuartii O52
  CSDB ID 12557 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer biological repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_120354,IEDB_123890,IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_151531,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 5760
  Dobrochaeva K, Khasbiulina N, Shilova N, Antipova N, Obukhova P, Galanina O, Blixt O, Kunz H, Filatov A, Knirel Y, Le Pendu J, Khaidukov S, Bovin N "Specificity of human natural antibodies referred to as anti-Tn" - Molecular Immunology 120 (2020) 74-82
  

  To understand the role of human natural IgM known as antibodies against the carbohydrate epitope Tn, the antibodies were isolated using GalNAcα-Sepharose affinity chromatography, and their specificity was profiled using microarrays (a glycan array printed with oligosaccharides and bacterial polysaccharides, as well as a glycopeptide array), flow cytometry, and inhibition ELISA. The antibodies bound a restricted number of GalNAcα-terminated oligosaccharides better than the parent monosaccharide, e.g., 6-O-Su-GalNAcα and GalNAcα1-3Galβ1-3(4)GlcNAcβ. The binding with several bacterial polysaccharides that have no structural resemblance to the affinity ligand GalNAcα was quite unexpected. Given that GalNAcα is considered the key fragment of the Tn antigen, it is surprising that these antibodies bind weakly GalNAcα-OSer and do not bind a wide variety of GalNAcα-OSer/Thr-containing mucin glycopeptides. At the same time, we have observed specific binding to cells having Tn-positive glycoproteins containing similar glycopeptide motifs in a conformationally rigid macromolecule. Thus, specific recognition of the Tn antigen apparently requires that the naturally occurring "anti-Tn" IgM recognize a complex epitope comprising the GalNAcα as an essential component and a fairly long amino acid sequence where the amino acids adjacent to GalNAcα do not contact the antibody paratope; i.e., the antibodies recognize a spatial epitope or a molecular pattern rather than a classical continuous sequence. In addition, we have not found any increase in the binding of natural antibodies when GalNAcα residues were clustered. These results may help in further development of anticancer vaccines based on synthetic Tn constructs.

  cancer, glycans, natural antibodies, anti-glycan antibodies, Tn antigen

  NCBI PubMed ID: 32087569
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.02.005
  Journal NLM ID: 7905289
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: professorbovin@yandex.ru
  Institutions: Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya, Moscow, Russian Federation, Semiotik LLC, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya, Moscow, Russian Federation, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, Institut Fur Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation, University of Nantes, Inserm, U892 IRT UN, 8 Quai MonCousu, BP70721 Nantes, FR 44007, France
  Methods: ELISA, affinity chromatography, flow cytometry analysis, printed glycan array (PGA) analysis, FACS assay
  
   
  
  Proteus mirabilis O38
  CSDB ID 3953 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: fragment of a bigger structure
Compound class: O-antigen
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_120354,IEDB_123890,IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531

• Article ID: 6383
  Fontana C, Widmalm G "Primary Structure of Glycans by NMR Spectroscopy" - Chemical Reviews 123(3) (2023) 1040-1102
  

  Glycans, carbohydrate molecules in the realm of biology, are present as biomedically important glycoconjugates and a characteristic aspect is that their structures in many instances are branched. In determining the primary structure of a glycan, the sugar components including the absolute configuration and ring form, anomeric configuration, linkage(s), sequence, and substituents should be elucidated. Solution state NMR spectroscopy offers a unique opportunity to resolve all these aspects at atomic resolution. During the last two decades, advancement of both NMR experiments and spectrometer hardware have made it possible to unravel carbohydrate structure more efficiently. These developments applicable to glycans include, inter alia, NMR experiments that reduce spectral overlap, use selective excitations, record tilted projections of multidimensional spectra, acquire spectra by multiple receivers, utilize polarization by fast-pulsing techniques, concatenate pulse-sequence modules to acquire several spectra in a single measurement, acquire pure shift correlated spectra devoid of scalar couplings, employ stable isotope labeling to efficiently obtain homo- and/or heteronuclear correlations, as well as those that rely on dipolar cross-correlated interactions for sequential information. Refined computer programs for NMR spin simulation and chemical shift prediction aid the structural elucidation of glycans, which are notorious for their limited spectral dispersion. Hardware developments include cryogenically cold probes and dynamic nuclear polarization techniques, both resulting in enhanced sensitivity as well as ultrahigh field NMR spectrometers with a 1H NMR resonance frequency higher than 1 GHz, thus improving resolution of resonances. Taken together, the developments have made and will in the future make it possible to elucidate carbohydrate structure in great detail, thereby forming the basis for understanding of how glycans interact with other molecules.

  NMR, glycan

  NCBI PubMed ID: 36622423
  Publication DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00580
  Journal NLM ID: 2985134R
  Publisher: Chem Rev
  Correspondence: G. Widmalm
  Institutions: Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Departamento de Química del Litoral, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
  
   
  
  Proteus mirabilis O38
  CSDB ID 22379 (all data & tools)