Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit ; 22200
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156497,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,IEDB_221845,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 6179
  Zhou Y, Cui Y, Suo C, Wang Q, Qu W "Structure, physicochemical characterization, and antioxidant activity of the highly arabinose-branched exopolysaccharide EPS-M2 from Streptococcus thermophilus CS6" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 192 (2021) 716-727
  

  Streptococcus thermophilus CS6 could produce the high exopolysaccharide (EPS) level in optimized skimmed milk medium. However, physicochemical properties and structure of these polymers have not been fully characterized. In this study, two purified fractions (EPS-M1 and EPS-M2) exhibited good rheology, thermostability and antioxidant activity. Further monosaccharide composition, molecular weight and NMR analysis indicated EPS-M2 was composed of galactose, arabinose and glucose (5:2.5:1) with an average molecular weight of 2.22×104 Da and its suggested repeating unit was →6)-[α-L-Araf-(1→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-[α-L-Araf-(1→5)-{α-L-Araf-(1→3)}-α-L-Araf-(1→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-[β-D-Galp-(1→5)-α-L-Araf-(1→5)-α-L-Araf-(1→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-[β-D-Galp-(1→5)-α-L-Araf-(1→5)-{α-L-Araf-(1→3)}-α-L-Araf-(1→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→. High EPS production relied on the expression of eps gene cluster and key enzymes of nucleotide sugar metabolism. Overall, EPS-M2 from a potential functional starter S. thermophilus CS6 provided opportunities for natural thickener, stabilizer, and antioxidant agent exploration in the food industry.

  structure, Streptococcus thermophilus, exopolysaccharide, Rheology, anti-oxidation

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.047
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: yhcui@hit.edu.cn
  Institutions: Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China, Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, PR China
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, NMR-2D, GC-MS, sugar analysis, GLC, mild acid hydrolysis, FTIR, HPLC, GPC, RT-PCR, function analysis of gene clusters, rheological study, antioxidant activity assay, TGA, DSC
  
   
  
  Streptococcus thermophilus CS6
  CSDB ID 10982 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6493
  Zhang K, Liu S, Liang S, Xiang F, Wang X, Lian H, Li B, Liu F "Exopolysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria: Structure, biological activity, structure-activity relationship, and application in the food industry: A review" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2023) 128733
  

  Over the past few decades, researchers have discovered that probiotics play an important role in our daily lives. With the further deepening of research, more and more evidence show that bacterial metabolites have an important role in food and human health, which opens up a new direction for the research of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Many LAB have been widely studied because of the ability of exopolysaccharides (EPS). Lactic acid bacteria exopolysaccharides (LAB EPS) not only have great potential in the treatment of human diseases but also can become natural ingredients in the food industry to provide special qualitative structure and flavor. This paper has organized and summarized the biosynthesis, strain selection, production process parameters, structure, and biological activity of LAB EPS, filling in the monotony and incompleteness of previous articles' descriptions of LAB EPS. Therefore, this paper focuses on the general biosynthetic pathway, structural characterization, structure-activity relationship, biological activity of LAB EPS, and their application in the food industry, which will help to deepen people's understanding of LAB EPS and develop new active drugs from LAB EPS. Although the research results are relatively affluent, the low yield, complex structure, and few clinical trials of EPS are still the reasons that hinder its development. Therefore, future knowledge expansion should focus on the regulation of structure, physicochemical properties, function, higher production of EPS, and clinical trial applications, which can further increase the commercial significance and value of EPS. Furthermore, better understanding the structure-function relationship of EPS in food remains a challenge to date.

  Lactic acid bacteria, biological activity, structure-activity relationship, Food Industry, Extracellular polysaccharide structure

  NCBI PubMed ID: 38092118
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128733
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: B. Li ; F. Liu
  Institutions: Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China, Guangdong Jinhaikang Medical Nutrition Co., Ltd, Meizhou, China
  
   
  
  Streptococcus thermophilus CS6
  CSDB ID 27076 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156497,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10028
  Kiyohara H, Yamada H, Otsuka Y "Studies on polysaccharides from Angelica acutiloba. VII. Unit structure of the anti-complementary arabinogalactan from Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa" - Carbohydrate Research 167 (1987) 221-237
  

  Mild acid hydrolysis of an anti-complementary arabinogalactan (AGIIb-1), isolated from the roots of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa, gave one neutral (N-I) and two acidic arabinogalactans (A-I and A-II) and one neutral arabinan (N-II). Likewise, the product (AF-AGIIb-1) of digestion with exo-α-l-arabinofuranosidase gave four carbohydrate units. Methylation analysis showed that N-I was a (1→6)-linked galactan with unbranched short side-chains of Araf attached at position 3 and that A-I and A-II contained, in addition, 4-linked Galp. Methylation analysis and oligosaccharide analysis showed that A-I and A-II also contained highly branched Ara chains possessing Araf side-chains attached at positions 3 of some 4- or 5-linked Ara and that a small proportion of Arap was present in each acidic unit. Base-catalysed β-elimination and oligosaccharide analysis indicated that A-I and A-II also contained a rhamnogalacturonan moiety in which 2,4-disubstituted Rha residues were attached to 4-substituted GalpA through position 2 of Rha. Methylation analysis, 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. studies, and enzymic hydrolysis showed N-II to be a highly branched arabinan containing a backbone of (1→5)-linked α-l-Araf with α-l-Araf side-chains attached to positions 3.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 3690570
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(87)80281-1
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato Institute, Tokyo, Japan
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GLC-MS, gel filtration, partial acid hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, enzymatic digestion, methylation analysis, β-elimination
  
   
  
  Angelica acutiloba
  CSDB ID 115122 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: glycyrrhizan GA
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156494,IEDB_156497,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10076
  Takada K, Tomoda M, Shimizu N "Core structure of glycyrrhizan GA, the main polysaccharide from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera; anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of the polysaccharide and its degradation products" - Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 40 (1992) 2487-2490
  

  The controlled Smith degradation and limited hydrolysis of glycyrrhizan GA, a representative polysaccharide with remarkable phagocytosis-enhancing activity isolated from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. var. glandulifera REG.et HERD. were carried out. Methylation analyses of the primary and the secondary Smith degradation products and of the limited hydrolysis product indicated that the core structural features of glycyrrhizan GA include a backbone chain composed of β-1,3-linked D-galactose residues. Three-fifths of the galactose units in the backbone carry side chains composed of β-1,3- and β-1,6-linked D-galactosyl residues at position 6. Anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of the polysaccharide, periodate oxidation-reduction and the controlled Smith degradation products were investigated, and the controlled Smith degradation product showed significant activity.

  polysaccharide structure, Smith degradation, immunological activity, Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera, licorice, glycyrrhizan GA, limited hydrolysis, anti-complementary activity, alkaline phosphatase-inducing activity

  Journal NLM ID: 0377775
  WWW link: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003630243
  Publisher: Pharmaceutical Society Of Japan
  Institutions: Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
  Methods: gel filtration, acid hydrolysis, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, biological assay, alkaline phosphatase assay
  
   
  
  Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera
  CSDB ID 120008 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156497,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10485
  Raju TS, Davidson EA "Structural features of water-soluble novel polysaccharide components from the leaves of Tridax procumbens Linn." - Carbohydrate Research 258 (1994) 243-254
  

  Two water-soluble polysaccharide fractions, WSTP-IA and WSTP-IB were purified from the leaves of Tridax procumbens Linn. with graded ethanol precipitation followed by mild delignification and size-exclusion chromatography. WSTP-IA contained L-Araf and D-Galp in approximately 1:3 molar proportions, and WSTP-IB contained only D-Galp as the major sugar component. The results of methylation linkage analysis, and 1H and 13C NMR studies on the native and modified polysaccharides, indicated that WSTP-IA is an L-arabino-D-galactan with a β-(1→6)-D-galactan main chain in which at least one in every two D-Galp residues carries single residues of either L-Araf (α-/β-) or β-D-Galp end-group as substituents at O-3. WSTP-IB is a linear β-(1→6)-D-galactan. This is the first report of polysaccharides containing a β-(1→6)-D-galactan main chain isolated from plant sources.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 8039178
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, D.C. 20007
  
   
  
  Tridax procumbens
  CSDB ID 117949 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156494,IEDB_156497,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10494
  Shimizu N, Tomodo M, Takada K, Gonda R "The core structure and immunological activities of Glycyrrhizan UA, the main polysaccharide from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis" - Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 40 (1992) 2125-2128
  

  The controlled Smith degradation and limited hydrolysis of glycyrrhizan UA, the main phagocytosis-activating polysaccharide isolated from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis FISCHER, was performed. The reticuloendothelial system-potentiating, anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of glycyrrhizan UA and its degradation products were investigated. Methylation analyses of primary, secondary and tertiary Smith degradation products and of the limited hydrolysis product indicated that the core structural features of glycyrrhizan UA include a backbone chain composed of β-1,3-linked D-galactose. All of the galactose units in the backbone carry side chains composed of mainly α-1,5-linked L-arabino-β-1,6- or 1,3-linked D-galactose residues at position 6. Removal of the arabinosyl side chains caused a pronounced decrease in immunological activity.

  polysaccharide structure, root, Smith degradation, immunological activity, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, limited hydrolysis, anti-complementary activity, alkaline phosphatase-inducing activity, glycyrrhizan UA, reticuloendothelial system

  Journal NLM ID: 0377775
  WWW link: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003630163
  Publisher: Pharmaceutical Society Of Japan
  Institutions: Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
  Methods: gel filtration, partial acid hydrolysis, Smith degradation, biological assays, PAGE, methylation analysis, periodate oxydation
  
   
  
  Glycyrrhiza uralensis
  CSDB ID 119989 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115013,IEDB_130645,IEDB_134624,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_149558,IEDB_151528,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156494,IEDB_156497,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,IEDB_742246,IEDB_742248,IEDB_918313,IEDB_918314,SB_163,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_87,SB_88

• Article ID: 10528
  Wagner H "Search for plant derived Natural products with immunostimulatory activity (recent advances)" - Pure and Applied Chemistry 62 (1990) 1217-1222
  

  Our recent screening program with higher plants has revealed many low m. w . compounds (e. g. alcaloids , quinones , terpenoids , phenolcarboxylic acids) and high m. w. compounds (e. g. polysaccharides, glycoproteins) with pronounced immunostimulating potential. The most promising low m.w. compounds are some cytostatic compounds, which are known for their direct antitumoral activities at high doses and exert immunostimulating effects when applied in minute doses. In the class of high m.w. compounds, primarily some complex acidic arabinogalactans or rhamnogalacturonans (e. g. Echinacea purp. , Achyrocline sat. , Urtica dioica) show significant immunostimulating activities in vitro and in vivo.

  Publication DOI: 10.1351/pac199062071217
  Journal NLM ID: 0376514
  Publisher: Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
  Institutions: Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology University of Munich, Munich, Germany
  
   
  
  Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia
  CSDB ID 148077 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_151528,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156497,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10571
  Pellerin P, Brillouet JM "Purification and properties of an exo-(1-3)-β-D-galactanase from Aspergillus niger" - Carbohydrate Research 264 (1994) 281-291
  

  An exo-(1→3)-β-d-galactanase was purified by six chromatographic steps from a culture supernatant of Aspergillus niger. Its apparent molecular mass was 66 kDa, as estimated by SDS-PAGE analysis. The purified enzyme had no detectable activity on various p-nitrophenyl glycosides and on native plant polysaccharides but exhibited a high activity on a (1→3)-β-d-linked galactan backbone obtained after partial acid hydrolysis and two Smith degradations of gum arabic. The optimum conditions were pH 4.5 and 40–50°C. The enzyme had a Michaelis constant (Km) of 1.9 mg/mL for the β-(1→3)-d-galactan with a maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) of 1380 nkat/mg. The study of the reaction products obtained after enzyme treatment of two galactans derived from gum arabic through one or two Smith degradations showed that it was an exo-(1→3)-β-d-galactanase able to by-pass the branching points of galactan backbones and thus to release the side-chains of type II arabinogalactans in an undegraded form.

  arabinogalactan, Galactan, Aspergillus niger, galactanase, polysaccharide hydrolase

  NCBI PubMed ID: 7805066
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6215(05)80012-6
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire des Polymères et des Techniques Physico-Chimiques, Montpellier, France
  Methods: gel filtration, GC-MS, acid hydrolysis, HPAEC, enzymatic digestion
  
   
  
  Acacia senegal
  CSDB ID 118238 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: rhamnogalacturonan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115013,IEDB_130645,IEDB_134624,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136105,IEDB_136906,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_1394181,IEDB_141794,IEDB_149558,IEDB_151528,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156497,IEDB_190606,IEDB_225177,IEDB_742246,IEDB_742248,IEDB_885823,IEDB_918313,IEDB_918314,SB_163,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_87,SB_88

• Article ID: 10638
  Sendl A, Mulinacci N, Vincieri FF, Wagner H "Anti-inflammatory and immunologically active polysaccharides of Sedum telephium" - Phytochemistry 34 (1993) 1357-1362
  

  Two major polysaccharides, rhamnogalacturonans with mean M(r)s of 13,500 and 13,000, were isolated from dried leaves of Sedum telephium by column chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and gel filtration on Fractogel TSK HW-50 (S) and Sephacryl 200 HR. The structures were determined mainly by NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis and GC-MS of the partially methylated alditol acetates, carboxyl reduction and by analysis of acidic and enzymatic degradation products. Both polysaccharides exert an anticomplementary effect in vitro, induce TNF-α-production, enhance phagocytosis in vitro and in vivo, and exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.

  polysaccharides, Sedum telephium, Crassulaceae, rhamnogalacturonan, pectin, anti-inflammatory and immunological activity

  NCBI PubMed ID: 7764285
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(91)80029-Z
  Journal NLM ID: 0151434
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GC-MS, acid hydrolysis, ion-exchange chromatography, methylation analysis
  
   
  
  Sedum telephium
  CSDB ID 146159 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156494,IEDB_156497,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10705
  Gonda R, Tomoda M, Takada K, Ohara N, Shimizu N "The core structure of Ukonan A, a phagocytosis-activating polysaccharide from the Rhizome of Curcuma longa, and immunological activities of degradation products" - Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 40 (1992) 990-993
  

  The controlled Smith degradation of ukonan A, a phagocytosis-activating polysaccharide isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L., was performed. The reticuloendothelial system-potentiating, anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of ukonan A and its degradation products were investigated. Methylation analyses of both the primary and the secondary Smith degradation products indicated that the core structural features of ukonan A include a backbone chain mainly composed of β-1,3-linked D-galactose, β-1,4-linked D-xylose and α-1,2-linked L-rhamnose residues. All of the galactose units in the backbone carry side chains composed of α-L-arabino-β-D-galactosyl or β-D-galactosyl residues at position 6.Ukonan A has a remarkabke effect on each of the three kinds of immunological activities. Periodate oxidation caused pronounced decrease or disappearance of the activities, but the controlled Smith degradation product having the core structure of polysaccharide showed considerable restoration of these activities.

  polysaccharide structure, Smith degradation, partial hydrolysis, immunological activity, anti-complementary activity, alkaline phosphatase-inducing activity, reticuloendothelial system, Curcuma longa, rhizome, ukonan A

  Journal NLM ID: 0377775
  WWW link: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003629909
  Publisher: Pharmaceutical Society Of Japan
  Institutions: Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
  Methods: gel filtration, partial acid hydrolysis, Smith degradation, biological assays, PAGE, methylation analysis
  
   
  
  Curcuma longa
  CSDB ID 219953 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156494,IEDB_156497,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10707
  Tomoda M, Asahara H, Gonda R, Takada K "Constituents of the seed of Malva verticillata. VIII. Smith degradation of MVS-VI, the major acidic polysaccharide, and anti- complementary activity of products" - Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 40 (1992) 2219-2221
  

  The controlled Smith degradation of MVS-VI, the major acidic polysaccharide having remarkable anti-complementary activity isolated from the seeds of Malva verticillata L., was performed. Methylation analysis of both the primary and the secondary Smith degradation products indicated that the core structural features of MVS-VI include a backbone chain composed of β-1,3-linked D-galactose residues. The majority of galactose units in the backbone carry side chains composed of β-1,3- and β-1,6-linked D-galactosyl residues at position 6. The controlled Smith degradation products showed considerable anti-complementary activity.

  polysaccharide structure, Smith degradation, partial hydrolysis, seed, anti-complementary activity, Malva verticillata, MVS-VI

  Journal NLM ID: 0377775
  WWW link: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003630189
  Publisher: Pharmaceutical Society Of Japan
  Institutions: Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
  Methods: partial acid hydrolysis, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, biological assay
  
   
  
  Malva verticillata
  CSDB ID 119990 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156494,IEDB_156497,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10995
  Gonda R, Tomoda M, Ohara N, Takada R "Arabinogalactan core structure and immunological activities of ukonan C, an acidic polysaccharide from the rhizome of Curcuma longa" - Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 16 (1993) 235-238
  

  Controlled Smith degradation of ukonan C, a phagocytosis-activating polysaccharide isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L., was performed. The reticuloendothelial system-potentiating, anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of ukonan C and its degradation products were investigated. Methylation analyses of the primary and secondary Smith degradation products and of a de-arabinosylated product indicated that structural features of the arabinogalactan core of ukonan C include a backbone chain composed of β-1,3-linked D-galactose and β-1,4-linked D-xylose. All of the galactose units in the backbone carry side chains composed of β-1,6-linked D-galactosyl residues with or without terminal α-L-arabinose units at position 3. Ukonan C showed remarkable effects on both reticuloendothelial system-potentiating and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities. Periodate oxidation caused a decrease in or disappearance of the immunological activities, but the controlled Smith degradation product having the arabinogalactan core structure of polysaccharide showed a pronounced effect on anti-complementary activity.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 8364466
  Journal NLM ID: 9311984
  WWW link: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003640222
  Publisher: Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
  Institutions: Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
  Methods: partial acid hydrolysis, Smith degradation, biological assays, PAGE, gel chromatography, methylation analysis
  
   
  
  Curcuma longa
  CSDB ID 110050 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156497,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10999
  Tsumuraya Y, Hashimoto Y, Yamamoto S, Shibuya N "Structure of L-arabino-D-galactan-containing glycoproteins from radish leaves" - Carbohydrate Research 134 (1984) 215-228
  

  Two l-arabino-d-galactan-containing glycoproteins having a potent inhibitory activity against eel anti-H agglutinin were isolated from the hot saline extracts of mature radish leaves and characterized to have a similar monosaccharide composition that consists of l-arabinose, d-galactose, l-fucose, 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid, and d-glucuronic acid residues. The chemical structure features of the carbohydrate components were investigated by carboxyl group reduction, methylation, periodate oxidation, partial acid hydrolysis, and digestion with exo- and endo-glycosidases, which indicated a backbone chain of (1→3)-linked β-d-galactosyl residues, to which side chains consisting of α-(1→6)-linked d-galactosyl residues were attached. The α-l-arabinofuranosyl residues were attached as single nonreducing groups and as O-2- or O-3-linked residues to O-3 of the β-d-galactosyl residues of the side chains. Single α-l-fucopyranosyl end groups were linked to O-2 of the l-arabinofuranosyl residues, and the 4-O-methyl-β-d-glucopyranosyluronic acid end groups were linked to d-galactosyl residues. The O-α-l-fucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinofuranosyl end-groups were shown to be responsible for the serological, H-like activity of the l-arabino-d-galactan glycoproteins. Reductive alkaline degradation of the glycoconjugates showed that a large proportion of the polysaccharide chains is conjugated with the polypeptide backbone through a 3-O-d-galactosylserine linkage.

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85039-9
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Urawa, Japan, Laboratory of Serology and Biochemistry, National Research Institute of Police Science, Tokyo, Japan, National Food Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ibaraki, Japan
  Methods: 1H NMR, periodate oxidation, GLC-MS, partial acid hydrolysis, GLC, GPC, enzymatic digestion, methylation analysis, CC, PC
  
   
  
  Raphanus sativus var. hortensis
  CSDB ID 114295 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136045,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_142489,IEDB_144562,IEDB_152214,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156497,IEDB_156557,IEDB_174333,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_86,SB_88

• Article ID: 10999
  Tsumuraya Y, Hashimoto Y, Yamamoto S, Shibuya N "Structure of L-arabino-D-galactan-containing glycoproteins from radish leaves" - Carbohydrate Research 134 (1984) 215-228
  

  Two l-arabino-d-galactan-containing glycoproteins having a potent inhibitory activity against eel anti-H agglutinin were isolated from the hot saline extracts of mature radish leaves and characterized to have a similar monosaccharide composition that consists of l-arabinose, d-galactose, l-fucose, 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid, and d-glucuronic acid residues. The chemical structure features of the carbohydrate components were investigated by carboxyl group reduction, methylation, periodate oxidation, partial acid hydrolysis, and digestion with exo- and endo-glycosidases, which indicated a backbone chain of (1→3)-linked β-d-galactosyl residues, to which side chains consisting of α-(1→6)-linked d-galactosyl residues were attached. The α-l-arabinofuranosyl residues were attached as single nonreducing groups and as O-2- or O-3-linked residues to O-3 of the β-d-galactosyl residues of the side chains. Single α-l-fucopyranosyl end groups were linked to O-2 of the l-arabinofuranosyl residues, and the 4-O-methyl-β-d-glucopyranosyluronic acid end groups were linked to d-galactosyl residues. The O-α-l-fucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinofuranosyl end-groups were shown to be responsible for the serological, H-like activity of the l-arabino-d-galactan glycoproteins. Reductive alkaline degradation of the glycoconjugates showed that a large proportion of the polysaccharide chains is conjugated with the polypeptide backbone through a 3-O-d-galactosylserine linkage.

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85039-9
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Urawa, Japan, Laboratory of Serology and Biochemistry, National Research Institute of Police Science, Tokyo, Japan, National Food Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ibaraki, Japan
  Methods: 1H NMR, periodate oxidation, GLC-MS, partial acid hydrolysis, GLC, GPC, enzymatic digestion, methylation analysis, CC, PC
  
   
  
  Raphanus sativus var. hortensis
  CSDB ID 114296 (all data & tools)

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Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136105,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_1394181,IEDB_140630,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156494,IEDB_156497,IEDB_190606,IEDB_225177,IEDB_423153,IEDB_885823,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 11251
  Wu Y, Williams M, Bernard S, Driouich A, Showalter AM, Faik A "Functional identification of two nonredundant Arabidopsis α(1,2)fucosyltransferases specific to arabinogalactan proteins" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 285 (2010) 13638-13645
  

  Virtually nothing is known about the mechanisms and enzymes responsible for the glycosylation of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). The glycosyltransferase 37 family contains plant-specific enzymes, which suggests involvement in plant-specific organs such as the cell wall. Our working hypothesis is that AtFUT4 and AtFUT6 genes encode α(1,2)fucosyltransferases (FUTs) for AGPs. Multiple lines of evidence support this hypothesis. First, overexpression of the two genes in tobacco BY2 cells, known to contain nonfucosylated AGPs, resulted in a staining of transgenic cells with eel lectin, which specifically binds to terminal α-linked fucose. Second, monosaccharide analysis by high pH anion exchange chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry indicated the presence of fucose in AGPs from transgenic cell lines but not in AGPs from wild type cells. Third, detergent extracts from microsomal membranes prepared from transgenic lines were able to fucosylate, in vitro, purified AGPs from BY2 wild type cells. Susceptibility of [14C]fucosylated AGPs to α(1,2)fucosidase, and not to α(1,3/4)fucosidase, indicated that an α(1,2) linkage is formed. Furthermore, dearabinosylated AGPs were not substrate acceptors for these enzymes, indicating that arabinosyl residues represent the fucosylation sites on these molecules. Testing of several polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and glycoproteins as potential substrate acceptors in the fucosyl transfer reactions indicated that the two enzymes are specific for AGPs but are not functionally redundant because they differentially fucosylate certain AGPs. AtFUT4 and AtFUT6 are the first enzymes to be characterized for AGP glycosylation and further our understanding of cell wall biosynthesis.

  cell wall, Fucosyltransferases, Arabidopsis, mass spectrometry (MS), golgi, glycoprotein biosynthesis, arabinogalactan proteins

  Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M110.102715
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Correspondence: faik@ohio.edu
  Institutions: Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, Laboratoire “Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale”, Université de Rouen, UPRES-EA 4358, IFRMP 23, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
  Methods: gel filtration, ESI-MS, HPAEC, enzymatic assay, genetic manipulations
  
   
  
  Arabidopsis thaliana
  CSDB ID 61057 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 260000
Compound class: arabinogalactan, polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156494,IEDB_156497,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 11282
  Gleeson PA, Clarke AE "Structural studies on the major component of Gladiolus style mucilage, an arabinogalactan-protein" - Biochemical Journal 181(3) (1979) 607-621
  

  The major component of the Gladiolus style mucilage was shown to be an arabinogalactan-protein. The arabinogalactan-protein was isolated from the style extract by affinity chromatography with tridacnin (the galactose-binding lectin from the clam Tridacna maxima) coupled to Sepharose 4B. The isolated arabinogalactan-protein represents 40% of the soluble style extract; it contains 90% (w/w) carbohydrate and 3% protein. The major monosaccharides of the carbohydrate component are galactose and arabinose, in the proportions 6:1. A component with a similar composition was also isolated from the crude extract by precipitation with the beta-glucosyl artifical carbohydrate antigen. The protein moiety of the arabinogalactan-protein remained associated with the carbohydrate after chromatography in urea, and has high contents of serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine and alanine. The arabinogalactan-protein is apparently chemically homogeneous; it eluted as a single symmetrical peak from Sepharose 4B, and three fractions collected across the peak were structurally similar. Ultracentrifugal studies showed it to be polydisperse in the mol.wt. range 150 000--400 000. The information obtained from methylation analyses, oxalic acid and enzymic hydrolyses is consistent with a model having a beta 1 leads to 3 galactan backbone, branched through C(O)6 to beta 1 leads to 6 galactan side chains. The arabinose is exclusively present as terminal alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residues. Enzymic removal of the arabinose residues resulted in a marked decrease in solubility of the molecule. The localization of the arabinogalactan-protein in the mucilage of the style canal was demonstrated cytochemically. The possible roles of the arabinogalactan-protein in relation to recognition of compatible pollen and pollen-tube growth are discussed.

  structure, arabinogalactan, Gladiolus, mucilage

  NCBI PubMed ID: 518543
  Publication DOI: 10.1042/bj1810607
  Journal NLM ID: 2984726R
  Publisher: London, UK : Published by Portland Press on behalf of the Biochemical Society
  Institutions: School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, C.S.I.R.O. Division of Protein Chemistry, Parkville, Australia
  Methods: methylation, gel filtration, acid hydrolysis, amino acid analysis, paper chromatography, electrophoresis, GPC, enzymatic digestion, viscosity measurement, colorimetry, extraction, affinity chromatography, optical rotation measurement, acetylation, methylation analysis, reduction, CC, hemagglutination, dialysis, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, evaporation, centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, binding assay
  
   
  
  Gladiolus gandavensis
  CSDB ID 50188 (all data & tools)