Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipid A

• Article ID: 119
  Trent MS, Ribeiro AA, Doerrler WT, Lin S, Cotter RJ, Raetz CRH "Accumulation of a polyisoprene-linked amino sugar in polymyxin resistant Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Structural characterization and transfer to lipid A in the periplasm" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 276(46) (2001) 43132-43144
  

  Polymyxin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium accumulate a novel minor lipid that can donate 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose units (l-Ara4N) to lipid A. We now report the purification of this lipid from a pss(-) pmrA(C) mutant of E. coli and assign its structure as undecaprenyl phosphate-α-L-Ara4N. Approximately 0.2 mg of homogeneous material was isolated from an 8-liter culture by solvent extraction, followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, C18 reverse phase resin, and silicic acid. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry in the negative mode yielded a single species [M - H](-) at m/z 977.5, consistent with undecaprenyl phosphate-α-L-Ara4N (M(r) = 978.41). (31)P NMR spectroscopy showed a single phosphorus atom at -0.44 ppm characteristic of a phosphodiester linkage. Selective inverse decoupling difference spectroscopy demonstrated that the undecaprenyl phosphate group is attached to the anomeric carbon of the l-Ara4N unit. One- and two-dimensional (1)H NMR studies confirmed the presence of a polyisoprene chain and a sugar moiety with chemical shifts and coupling constants expected for an equatorially substituted arabinopyranoside. Heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that a nitrogen atom is attached to C-4 of the sugar residue. The purified donor supports in vitro conversion of lipid IV(A) to lipid II(A), which is substituted with a single l-Ara4N moiety. The identification of undecaprenyl phosphate-α-L-Ara4N implies that l-Ara4N transfer to lipid A occurs in the periplasm of polymyxin-resistant strains, and establishes a new enzymatic pathway by which Gram-negative bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance.

  Escherichia coli, lipid A, polymyxin-resistant mutants, Salmonella typhimurium

  NCBI PubMed ID: 11535605
  Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M106962200
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Correspondence: raetz@biochem.duke.edu
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry and the Duke NMR Spectroscopy Center and Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, Middle Atlantic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, DNA techniques, TLC, 31P NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, radiolabeling, NMR-1D, genetic methods, biochemical methods, radioactivity measurement
  
   
  
  Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli
  CSDB ID 5231 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: monomer

• Article ID: 383
  Soininen A, Pursiainen H, Kilpi T, Käyhty H "Natural development of antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides depends on the serotype: Association with pneumococcal carriage and acute otitis media in young children" - Journal of Infectious Diseases 184(5) (2001) 569-576
  

  To study the natural development of antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides of types 1, 6B, 11A, 14, 19F, and 23F and its association with pneumococcal carriage and acute otitis media (AOM), 329 children were followed-up prospectively during their first 2 years of life. Nasopharyngeal carriage was determined by cultures of nasopharyngeal swab samples, and etiology of AOM was determined by cultures of middle ear fluid. Antibodies were measured in serum samples collected at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months by EIA. Antibodies increased modestly but significantly with age. Contact with serotypes 11A and 14 was associated with increased antibody concentration as early as age 6 months. Children with contact with serotypes 6B, 19F, and 23F had antibody levels similar to those in children without contact. Antibodies increased modestly, even in children without known contact with Streptococcus pneumoniae and in children with contact with heterologous serotypes. Antibody concentrations were equal after carriage or AOM.

  serotype, antibodies, polysaccharides, otitis media, acute, child, disease transmission, serum specimen

  NCBI PubMed ID: 11494163
  Journal NLM ID: 0413675
  Publisher: Oxford: Oxford University Press
  Correspondence: raetz@biochem.duke.edu
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology and the Duke NMR Spectroscopy Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
  Methods: NMR, genetic methods
  
   
  
  Escherichia coli
  CSDB ID 8333 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: monomer
Compound class: lipid A

• Article ID: 3784
  Song F, Guan Z, Raetz CR "Biosynthesis of undecaprenyl phosphate-galactosamine and undecaprenyl phosphate-glucose in Francisella novicida" - Biochemistry 48(6) (2009) 1173-1182
  

  Lipid A of Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida contains a galactosamine (GalN) residue linked to its 1-phosphate group. As shown in the preceding paper, this GalN unit is transferred to lipid A from the precursor undecaprenyl phosphate-β-D-GalN. A small portion of the free lipid A of Francisella novicida is further modified with a glucose residue at position-6'. We now demonstrate that the two F. novicida homologues of Escherichia coli ArnC, designated FlmF1 and FlmF2, are essential for lipid A modification with glucose and GalN, respectively. Recombinant FlmF1 expressed in E. coli selectively condenses undecaprenyl phosphate and UDP-glucose in vitro to form undecaprenyl phosphate-glucose. Recombinant FlmF2 selectively catalyzes the condensation of undecaprenyl phosphate and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine to generate undecaprenyl phosphate-N-acetylgalactosamine. On the basis of an analysis of the lipid A composition of flmF1 and flmF2 mutants of F. novicida, we conclude that FlmF1 generates the donor substrate for the modification of F. novicida free lipid A with glucose, whereas FlmF2 generates the immediate precursor of the GalN donor substrate, undecaprenyl phosphate-β-D-GalN. A novel deacetylase, present in membranes of F. novicida, removes the acetyl group from undecaprenyl phosphate-N-acetylgalactosamine to yield undecaprenyl phosphate-β-D-GalN. This deacetylase may have an analogous function to the deformylase that generates undecaprenyl phosphate-4-amino-4-deoxy-α-L-arabinose from undecaprenyl phosphate-4-deoxy-4-formylamino-α-L-arabinose in polymyxin-resistant strains of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium.

  Escherichia coli, lipid A, Salmonella typhimurium, Francisella tularensis, Francisella novicida, UDP-glucose, Electrospray Ionization, acetyltransferases

  NCBI PubMed ID: 19166326
  Publication DOI: 10.1021/bi802212t
  Journal NLM ID: 0370623
  Publisher: American Chemical Society
  Correspondence: raetz@biochem.duke.edu
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
  Methods: TLC, ESI-MS, genetic methods, biochemical methods, LC-ESI-MS
  
   
  
  Escherichia coli
  CSDB ID 31236 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Aglycon: (2->?)lipid A
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_130650,IEDB_130669,IEDB_130670,IEDB_135607,IEDB_135609,IEDB_136105,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_140087,IEDB_140088,IEDB_140090,IEDB_141794,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_151528,IEDB_190606,IEDB_2189047,IEDB_225177,IEDB_226811,IEDB_885823,IEDB_983931,SB_192,SB_7

• Article ID: 5096
  Kim JK, Jang HA, Kim MS, Cho JH, Lee J, Di Lorenzo F, Sturiale L, Silipo A, Molinaro A, Lee BL "The lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharide of Burkholderia plays a critical role in maintaining a proper gut symbiosis with the bean bug Riptortus pedestris" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 292(47) (2017) 19226-19237
  

  Lipopolysaccharide, the outer cell-wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, has been shown to be important for symbiotic associations. We recently reported that the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Burkholderia enhances the initial colonization of the midgut of the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris However, the midgut-colonizing Burkholderia symbionts lack the O-antigen but display the core oligosaccharide on the cell surface. In this study, we investigated the role of the core oligosaccharide, which directly interacts with the host midgut, in the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis. To this end, we generated the core oligosaccharide mutant strains, ΔwabS, ΔwabO, ΔwaaF, and ΔwaaC, and determined the chemical structures of their oligosaccharides, which exhibited different compositions. The symbiotic properties of these mutant strains were compared with those of the wild-type and O-antigen-deficient ΔwbiG strains. Upon introduction into Riptortus via the oral route, the core oligosaccharide mutant strains exhibited different rates of colonization of the insect midgut. The symbiont titers in fifth-instar insects revealed significantly reduced population sizes of the inner core oligosaccharide mutant strains ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC These two strains also negatively affected host growth rate and fitness. Furthermore, R. pedestris individuals colonized with the ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC strains were vulnerable to septic bacterial challenge, similar to insects without a Burkholderia symbiont. Taken together, these results suggest that the core oligosaccharide from Burkholderia symbionts plays a critical role in maintaining a proper symbiont population and in supporting the beneficial effects of the symbiont on its host in the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis.

  Lipopolysaccharide, biosynthesis, core oligosaccharide, insect symbiosis, symbiotic role, gut symbiont

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28972189
  Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M117.813832
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Correspondence: brlee@pusan.ac.kr
  Institutions: Department of Microbiology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, South Korea, Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy, CNR-Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali IPCB, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GLC-MS, NMR-2D, sugar analysis, mild acid hydrolysis, MALDI-TOF MS, genetic methods, GPC, enzymatic digestion, statistical analysis, SDS-Tricine-PAGE, motility assays, symbiont titers assays
  
   
  
  Burkholderia sp. RPE75 ΔwbiG
  CSDB ID 12031 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Aglycon: (2->?)lipid A
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_130650,IEDB_130670,IEDB_135607,IEDB_135609,IEDB_140087,IEDB_140088,IEDB_140090,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_2189047,IEDB_226811,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 5096
  Kim JK, Jang HA, Kim MS, Cho JH, Lee J, Di Lorenzo F, Sturiale L, Silipo A, Molinaro A, Lee BL "The lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharide of Burkholderia plays a critical role in maintaining a proper gut symbiosis with the bean bug Riptortus pedestris" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 292(47) (2017) 19226-19237
  

  Lipopolysaccharide, the outer cell-wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, has been shown to be important for symbiotic associations. We recently reported that the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Burkholderia enhances the initial colonization of the midgut of the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris However, the midgut-colonizing Burkholderia symbionts lack the O-antigen but display the core oligosaccharide on the cell surface. In this study, we investigated the role of the core oligosaccharide, which directly interacts with the host midgut, in the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis. To this end, we generated the core oligosaccharide mutant strains, ΔwabS, ΔwabO, ΔwaaF, and ΔwaaC, and determined the chemical structures of their oligosaccharides, which exhibited different compositions. The symbiotic properties of these mutant strains were compared with those of the wild-type and O-antigen-deficient ΔwbiG strains. Upon introduction into Riptortus via the oral route, the core oligosaccharide mutant strains exhibited different rates of colonization of the insect midgut. The symbiont titers in fifth-instar insects revealed significantly reduced population sizes of the inner core oligosaccharide mutant strains ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC These two strains also negatively affected host growth rate and fitness. Furthermore, R. pedestris individuals colonized with the ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC strains were vulnerable to septic bacterial challenge, similar to insects without a Burkholderia symbiont. Taken together, these results suggest that the core oligosaccharide from Burkholderia symbionts plays a critical role in maintaining a proper symbiont population and in supporting the beneficial effects of the symbiont on its host in the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis.

  Lipopolysaccharide, biosynthesis, core oligosaccharide, insect symbiosis, symbiotic role, gut symbiont

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28972189
  Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M117.813832
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Correspondence: brlee@pusan.ac.kr
  Institutions: Department of Microbiology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, South Korea, Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy, CNR-Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali IPCB, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GLC-MS, NMR-2D, sugar analysis, mild acid hydrolysis, MALDI-TOF MS, genetic methods, GPC, enzymatic digestion, statistical analysis, SDS-Tricine-PAGE, motility assays, symbiont titers assays
  
   
  
  Burkholderia sp. RPE75 ΔwabS
  CSDB ID 12418 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Aglycon: (2->?)lipid A
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_130650,IEDB_135607,IEDB_135609,IEDB_140088,IEDB_2189047

• Article ID: 5096
  Kim JK, Jang HA, Kim MS, Cho JH, Lee J, Di Lorenzo F, Sturiale L, Silipo A, Molinaro A, Lee BL "The lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharide of Burkholderia plays a critical role in maintaining a proper gut symbiosis with the bean bug Riptortus pedestris" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 292(47) (2017) 19226-19237
  

  Lipopolysaccharide, the outer cell-wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, has been shown to be important for symbiotic associations. We recently reported that the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Burkholderia enhances the initial colonization of the midgut of the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris However, the midgut-colonizing Burkholderia symbionts lack the O-antigen but display the core oligosaccharide on the cell surface. In this study, we investigated the role of the core oligosaccharide, which directly interacts with the host midgut, in the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis. To this end, we generated the core oligosaccharide mutant strains, ΔwabS, ΔwabO, ΔwaaF, and ΔwaaC, and determined the chemical structures of their oligosaccharides, which exhibited different compositions. The symbiotic properties of these mutant strains were compared with those of the wild-type and O-antigen-deficient ΔwbiG strains. Upon introduction into Riptortus via the oral route, the core oligosaccharide mutant strains exhibited different rates of colonization of the insect midgut. The symbiont titers in fifth-instar insects revealed significantly reduced population sizes of the inner core oligosaccharide mutant strains ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC These two strains also negatively affected host growth rate and fitness. Furthermore, R. pedestris individuals colonized with the ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC strains were vulnerable to septic bacterial challenge, similar to insects without a Burkholderia symbiont. Taken together, these results suggest that the core oligosaccharide from Burkholderia symbionts plays a critical role in maintaining a proper symbiont population and in supporting the beneficial effects of the symbiont on its host in the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis.

  Lipopolysaccharide, biosynthesis, core oligosaccharide, insect symbiosis, symbiotic role, gut symbiont

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28972189
  Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M117.813832
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Correspondence: brlee@pusan.ac.kr
  Institutions: Department of Microbiology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, South Korea, Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy, CNR-Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali IPCB, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GLC-MS, NMR-2D, sugar analysis, mild acid hydrolysis, MALDI-TOF MS, genetic methods, GPC, enzymatic digestion, statistical analysis, SDS-Tricine-PAGE, motility assays, symbiont titers assays
  
   
  
  Burkholderia sp. RPE75 ΔwabO
  CSDB ID 12419 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Aglycon: (2->?)lipid A
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_130650,IEDB_135607,IEDB_135609,IEDB_2189047

• Article ID: 5096
  Kim JK, Jang HA, Kim MS, Cho JH, Lee J, Di Lorenzo F, Sturiale L, Silipo A, Molinaro A, Lee BL "The lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharide of Burkholderia plays a critical role in maintaining a proper gut symbiosis with the bean bug Riptortus pedestris" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 292(47) (2017) 19226-19237
  

  Lipopolysaccharide, the outer cell-wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, has been shown to be important for symbiotic associations. We recently reported that the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Burkholderia enhances the initial colonization of the midgut of the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris However, the midgut-colonizing Burkholderia symbionts lack the O-antigen but display the core oligosaccharide on the cell surface. In this study, we investigated the role of the core oligosaccharide, which directly interacts with the host midgut, in the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis. To this end, we generated the core oligosaccharide mutant strains, ΔwabS, ΔwabO, ΔwaaF, and ΔwaaC, and determined the chemical structures of their oligosaccharides, which exhibited different compositions. The symbiotic properties of these mutant strains were compared with those of the wild-type and O-antigen-deficient ΔwbiG strains. Upon introduction into Riptortus via the oral route, the core oligosaccharide mutant strains exhibited different rates of colonization of the insect midgut. The symbiont titers in fifth-instar insects revealed significantly reduced population sizes of the inner core oligosaccharide mutant strains ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC These two strains also negatively affected host growth rate and fitness. Furthermore, R. pedestris individuals colonized with the ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC strains were vulnerable to septic bacterial challenge, similar to insects without a Burkholderia symbiont. Taken together, these results suggest that the core oligosaccharide from Burkholderia symbionts plays a critical role in maintaining a proper symbiont population and in supporting the beneficial effects of the symbiont on its host in the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis.

  Lipopolysaccharide, biosynthesis, core oligosaccharide, insect symbiosis, symbiotic role, gut symbiont

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28972189
  Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M117.813832
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Correspondence: brlee@pusan.ac.kr
  Institutions: Department of Microbiology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, South Korea, Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy, CNR-Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali IPCB, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GLC-MS, NMR-2D, sugar analysis, mild acid hydrolysis, MALDI-TOF MS, genetic methods, GPC, enzymatic digestion, statistical analysis, SDS-Tricine-PAGE, motility assays, symbiont titers assays
  
   
  
  Burkholderia sp. RPE75 ΔwaaF
  CSDB ID 12420 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Aglycon: (2->?)lipid A
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_130650,IEDB_135607,IEDB_135609

• Article ID: 5096
  Kim JK, Jang HA, Kim MS, Cho JH, Lee J, Di Lorenzo F, Sturiale L, Silipo A, Molinaro A, Lee BL "The lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharide of Burkholderia plays a critical role in maintaining a proper gut symbiosis with the bean bug Riptortus pedestris" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 292(47) (2017) 19226-19237
  

  Lipopolysaccharide, the outer cell-wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, has been shown to be important for symbiotic associations. We recently reported that the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Burkholderia enhances the initial colonization of the midgut of the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris However, the midgut-colonizing Burkholderia symbionts lack the O-antigen but display the core oligosaccharide on the cell surface. In this study, we investigated the role of the core oligosaccharide, which directly interacts with the host midgut, in the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis. To this end, we generated the core oligosaccharide mutant strains, ΔwabS, ΔwabO, ΔwaaF, and ΔwaaC, and determined the chemical structures of their oligosaccharides, which exhibited different compositions. The symbiotic properties of these mutant strains were compared with those of the wild-type and O-antigen-deficient ΔwbiG strains. Upon introduction into Riptortus via the oral route, the core oligosaccharide mutant strains exhibited different rates of colonization of the insect midgut. The symbiont titers in fifth-instar insects revealed significantly reduced population sizes of the inner core oligosaccharide mutant strains ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC These two strains also negatively affected host growth rate and fitness. Furthermore, R. pedestris individuals colonized with the ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC strains were vulnerable to septic bacterial challenge, similar to insects without a Burkholderia symbiont. Taken together, these results suggest that the core oligosaccharide from Burkholderia symbionts plays a critical role in maintaining a proper symbiont population and in supporting the beneficial effects of the symbiont on its host in the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis.

  Lipopolysaccharide, biosynthesis, core oligosaccharide, insect symbiosis, symbiotic role, gut symbiont

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28972189
  Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M117.813832
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Correspondence: brlee@pusan.ac.kr
  Institutions: Department of Microbiology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, South Korea, Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy, CNR-Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali IPCB, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GLC-MS, NMR-2D, sugar analysis, mild acid hydrolysis, MALDI-TOF MS, genetic methods, GPC, enzymatic digestion, statistical analysis, SDS-Tricine-PAGE, motility assays, symbiont titers assays
  
   
  
  Burkholderia sp. RPE75 ΔwaaC, Burkholderia cenocepacia K56-2
  CSDB ID 12421 (all data & tools)