Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit ; 2000000
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_140630,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_225177,IEDB_885823,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 161
  Verhoef R, de Waard P, Schols HA, Rättö M, Siika-aho M, Voragen AG "Structural elucidation of the EPS of slime producing Brevundimonas vesicularis sp. isolated from a paper machine" - Carbohydrate Research 337(20) (2002) 1821-1831
  

  The slime forming bacteria Brevundimonas vesicularis sp. was isolated from a paper mill and its EPS was produced on laboratory scale. After production, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) was purified and analysed for its purity and homogeneity, HPSEC revealed one distinct population with a molecular mass of more than 2,000 kDa. The protein content was around 9 w/w%. The sample was analysed to determine its chemical structure. The EPS was found to consist of rhamnose, glucose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid. Due to the presence of uronic acids the molar ratio between the four sugars found varies from 3:5:2:4 by sugar composition analyses after methanolysis to 1:1:1:1 found by NMR. A repeating unit with a molecular mass of 678 Da was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry after mild acid treatment. 13C and 1H hetero- and homonuclear 2D NMR spectroscopy of the native and partial hydrolysed EPS revealed a [formula: see text].

  NMR, structure, structural, repeating unit, molecular, acid, protein, bacteria, uronic acid, exopolysaccharide, structure elucidation, chemical, chemical structure, sugar, production, elucidation, MALDI, Brevundimonas vesicularis, composition, content, EPS, galacturonic acid, glucose, glucuronic acid, homogeneity, methanolysis, molecular mass, population, purified, purity, rhamnose, slime, sugars, Pulp and Paper Industrym, 1H and 13C NMR analyses

  NCBI PubMed ID: 12431884
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: fons.voragen@chem.fdsci.wag-ur.nl
  Institutions: Wageningen University, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bomenweg 2, NL-6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands, Wageningen NMR Centre, Laboratory of Biophysics, PO Box 8128, NL-6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands, VTT Biotechnology, PO Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, partial acid hydrolysis, methanolysis, HPSEC
  
   
  
  Brevundimonas vesicularis VTT-E-981024
  CSDB ID 5290 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Aglycon: -Asn-X-Thr/Ser- protein fragment
Compound class: N-glycan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_140630,IEDB_423153

• Article ID: 468
  Schäffer C, Messner P "Surface-layer glycoproteins: an example for the diversity of bacterial glycosylation with promising impacts on nanobiotechnology" - Glycobiology 14(8) (2004) 31R-42R
  

  Bacterial cell surface layers, referred to simply as S-layers, have been described for all major phylogenetic groups of bacteria, which may indicate their pivotal role for a bacterium in its natural habitat. They have the unique ability to assemble into two-dimensional crystalline arrays that completely cover the bacterial cells. Glycosylation represents the most frequent modification of S-layer proteins. S-layer glycoproteins constitute a class of glycoconjugates first isolated in the mid-1970s, but S-layer glycoprotein research is still being regarded as an 'exotic field of glycobiology,' possibly because of its 'noneukaryotic' character. Extensive work over the past 30 years provided evidence of an enormous diversity of S-layer glycoproteins that have been created in nature over 3 billion years of prokaryotic evolution. These glycoconjugates are substantially different from eukaryotic glycoproteins, with regard to both composition and structure; nevertheless, some general structural concepts may be deduced. The awareness of the high application potential of S-layer glycoproteins, especially in combination with their intrinsic cell surface display feature, in the field of modern nanobiotechnology as a base for glycoengineering has recently led to the investigation of the S-layer protein glycosylation process at the molecular level, which has lagged behind the structural studies due to the lack of suitable molecular tools. From that work an even more interesting picture of this class of glycoconjugates is emerging. The availability of purified enzymes from S-layer glycan biosynthesis pathways exhibiting increased stabilities and/or rare sugar specificities in conjunction with preliminary genomic data on S-layer glycan biosynthesis clusters will pave the way for the rational design of S-layer neoglycoproteins.

  LPS, bacterial glycosylation, genomic glycosylation loci, glycan diversity, glycoengineering, S-layer nanoglycobiology

  NCBI PubMed ID: 15044388
  Publication DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwh064
  Journal NLM ID: 9104124
  Publisher: IRL Press at Oxford University Press
  Correspondence: paul.messner@boka.ac.at
  Institutions: Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Applied Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Wien, Austria
  
   
  
  Halobacterium halobium R1M1
  CSDB ID 31630 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Aglycon: lipid A
Trivial name: core region
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_130650,IEDB_135813,IEDB_137340,IEDB_140630,IEDB_141807,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_151531,IEDB_2275071,IEDB_2275072,IEDB_423153,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 3623
  Knirel YA, Kochetkov NK "The structure of lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria. II. The structure of the core region" - Biochemistry (Moscow) 58(2) (1993) 84-99
  

  This review summarizes data on the structure of the core of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), an oligosaccharide which binds the lipid moiety of LPS to the O-antigenic polysaccharide chain. Both S-strains with complete LPS and R-mutants having various defects of core biosynthesis are considered. The role of the core in the functioning of the outer membrane and in the manifestation of antigenic specificity of LPS is discussed.

  Lipopolysaccharide, antigen, lipopolysaccharides, LPS, structure, core, bacteria, core region, region, Gram-negative bacteria, gram negative bacteria, Gram-negative, review, outer membrane, bacterial lipopolysaccharide

  Journal NLM ID: 0376536
  Publisher: Nauka/Interperiodica
  Institutions: N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Russian Federation)
  
   
  
  Bordetella pertussis
  CSDB ID 24986 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Aglycon: lipid A
Trivial name: core region
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_130650,IEDB_140629,IEDB_140630,IEDB_141807,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_151531,IEDB_423115,IEDB_423153,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 3623
  Knirel YA, Kochetkov NK "The structure of lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria. II. The structure of the core region" - Biochemistry (Moscow) 58(2) (1993) 84-99
  

  This review summarizes data on the structure of the core of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), an oligosaccharide which binds the lipid moiety of LPS to the O-antigenic polysaccharide chain. Both S-strains with complete LPS and R-mutants having various defects of core biosynthesis are considered. The role of the core in the functioning of the outer membrane and in the manifestation of antigenic specificity of LPS is discussed.

  Lipopolysaccharide, antigen, lipopolysaccharides, LPS, structure, core, bacteria, core region, region, Gram-negative bacteria, gram negative bacteria, Gram-negative, review, outer membrane, bacterial lipopolysaccharide

  Journal NLM ID: 0376536
  Publisher: Nauka/Interperiodica
  Institutions: N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Russian Federation)
  
   
  
  Bordetella pertussis
  CSDB ID 24987 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Aglycon: S-layer protein
Trivial name: cell-surface glycoprotein
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_140630,IEDB_423153

• Article ID: 4100
  Raedts J, Kengen SW, van der OJ "Occurrence of L-iduronic acid and putative D-glucuronyl C5-epimerases in prokaryotes" - Glycoconjugate Journal 28(2) (2011) 57-66
  

  Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are polysaccharides that are typically present in a wide diversity of animal tissue. Most common GAGs are well-characterized and pharmaceutical applications exist for many of these compounds, e.g. heparin and hyaluronan. In addition, also bacterial glycosaminoglycan-like structures exist. Some of these bacterial GAGs have been characterized, but until now no bacterial GAG has been found that possesses the modifications that are characteristic for many of the animal GAGs such as sulfation and C5-epimerization. Nevertheless, the latter conversion may also occur in bacterial and archaeal GAGs, as some prokaryotic polysaccharides have been demonstrated to contain L-iduronic acid. However, experimental evidence for the enzymatic synthesis of L-iduronic acid in prokaryotes is as yet lacking. We therefore performed an in silico screen for D-glucuronyl C5-epimerases in prokaryotes. Multiple candidate C5-epimerases were found, suggesting that many more microorganisms are likely to exist possessing an L-iduronic acid residue as constituent of their cell wall polysaccharides.

  Lipopolysaccharide, glycosaminoglycans, capsule polysaccharide, L-iduronic acid, D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase

  NCBI PubMed ID: 21347714
  Journal NLM ID: 8603310
  Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
  Correspondence: John.Raedts@wur.nl
  Institutions: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
  
   
  
  Halobacterium halobium
  CSDB ID 26943 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: fragment of a bigger structure
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_140630,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_423153,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 4238
  Paul G, Wieland F "Sequence of the halobacterial glycosaminoglycan" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 262 (1987) 9587-9593
  

  The cell-surface glycoprotein of halobacterium contains a sulfated repeating unit saccharide chain, similar to the mammalian glycosaminoglycans. The composition of a presumptive repeating pentasaccharide unit of this glycosaminoglycan is 1 GlcNAc, 1 GalNAc, 1 Gal, 1 GalA (where GalA represents galacturonic acid), 1 3-O-methyl-GalA, and 2 SO42-. Linkage to protein of this glycoconjugate involves the hitherto unique unit Asn-GalNAc, with the N-linked asparagine residue being the second NH2-terminal amino acid and part of the common N-linked glycosyl acceptor sequence Asn-X-Thr(Ser). Transfer of the completed, sulfated glycosaminoglycan from its lipid precursor to the protein occurs at the cell surface, and the presence of this sulfated saccharide chain in the cell-surface glycoprotein seems to be required to maintain the structural integrity of the rod-shaped halobacteria. In this paper, we report the complete saccharide structure of this N-linked glycosaminoglycan. This structure is deduced from chemical analyses of fragments that were isolated after hydrazinolysis and subsequent nitrous acid deamination or after mild acidic hydrolysis of purified Pronase-derived glycosaminoglycan-peptides. The halobacterial glycosaminoglycan consists, on the average, of 10 repeating pentasaccharide units of the following structure. (formula: see text) The reducing end N-acetylgalactosamine residue is linked directly to the asparagine, without a special saccharide linker region.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 3597425
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Methods: GLC-MS, gel filtration, partial acid hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, GLC, deamination, methanolysis, desulfation, hydrazinolysis, reduction, permethylation analysis
  
   
  
  Halobacterium halobium R1M1, Halobacterium halobium
  CSDB ID 234992 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: N-glycan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_140630,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_423153,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 2451
  Lis H, Sharon N "Protein glycosylation. Structural and functional aspects" - European Journal of Biochemistry 218 (1993) 1-27
  

  During the last decade, there have been enormous advances in our knowledge of glycoproteins and the stage has been set for the biotechnological production of many of them for therapeutic use. These advances are reviewed, with special emphasis on the structure and function of the glycoproteins (excluding the proteoglycans). Current methods for structural analysis of glycoproteins are surveyed, as are novel carbohydrate-peptide linking groups, and mono- and oligo-saccharide constituents found in these macromolecules. The possible roles of the carbohydrate units in modulating the physicochemical and biological properties of the parent proteins are discussed, and evidence is presented on their roles as recognition determinants between molecules and cells, or cell and cells. Finally, examples are given of changes that occur in the carbohydrates of soluble and cell-surface glycoproteins during differentiation, growth and malignancy, which further highlight the important role of these substances in health and disease.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 8243456
  Journal NLM ID: 0107600
  Publisher: Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies
  Institutions: Department of Membrane Research and Biophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
  
   
  
  (Halobacteria)
  CSDB ID 124353 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_130650,IEDB_130701,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_140630,IEDB_141794,IEDB_144983,IEDB_151528,IEDB_152206,IEDB_190606,IEDB_2189046,IEDB_2189047,IEDB_983930,SB_44,SB_67,SB_7,SB_72

• Article ID: 4760
  Jones MD, Vinogradov E, Nomellini JF, Smit J "The core and O-polysaccharide structure of the Caulobacter crescentus lipopolysaccharide" - Carbohydrate Research 402 (2015) 111-117
  

  Here we describe the analysis of the structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Caulobacter crescentus strain JS1025, a derivative of C. crescentus CB15 NA1000 with an engineered amber mutation in rsaA, leading to the loss of the protein S-layer and gene CCNA_00471 encoding a putative GDP-l-fucose synthase. LPS was isolated using an aqueous membrane disruption method. Polysaccharide and core oligosaccharide were produced by mild acid hydrolysis and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemical methods. Spectra revealed the presence of two polysaccharides, one of them, a rhamnan, could be removed using periodate oxidation. Another polymer, built from 4-amino-4-deoxy-d-rhamnose (perosamine), mannose, and 3-O-methyl-glucose, should be the O-chain of the LPS according to genetic data. The attribution of the rhamnan as a part of LPS or a separate polymer was not possible.

  Lipopolysaccharide, nuclear magnetic resonance, extracellular polysaccharides, Caulobacter crescentus

  NCBI PubMed ID: 25498010
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.003
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: J. Smit
  Institutions: National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Building Sussex, Room 3079, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, periodate oxidation, gel filtration, NMR-2D, GC-MS, SDS-PAGE, sugar analysis, TLC, 31P NMR, acid hydrolysis, mild acid hydrolysis, NMR-1D, reduction with NaBD4, de-N-acylation
  
   
  
  Caulobacter crescentus JS1025
  CSDB ID 30765 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_140630,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_225177,IEDB_885823,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 5791
  Knirel YA, Van Calsteren M "Bacterial exopolysaccharides" - Book: Comprehensive Glycoscience: From Chemistry to Systems Biology. Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering (2021) 1-75
  

  Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides are known as a cell-bound capsule, a sheath, or a slime, which is excreted into the environment. They play an important role in virulence of medical bacteria and plant-to-symbiont interaction and are used for serotyping of bacteria and production of vaccines. Some exopolysaccharides have commercial applications in industry, and claims of health benefits have been documented for an increasing number of them. Exopolysaccharides have diverse composition and structure, and some contain sugar and non-sugar components that are found in bacterial carbohydrates only. The present article provides an updated collection of the data on exopolysaccharides of various classes of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria reported until the end of 2019. When known, biosynthesis pathways of exopolysaccharides are treated in a summary manner. References are made to structure and biosynthesis relatedness between exopolysaccharides of different bacterial taxa as well as between bacterial polysaccharides and mammalian glycosaminoglycans.

  polysaccharide structure, Gram-negative bacteria, capsule, Biofilm, polysaccharide biosynthesis, gram-positive bacteria, Monosaccharide composition, Bacterial exopolysaccharide, non-sugar component

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819475-1.00005-5
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: marie-rose.vancalsteren@canada.ca; yknirel@gmail.com
  Editors: Barchi J, Kamerling H
  Institutions: N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
  
   
  
  Brevundimonas vesicularis VTT-E-981024
  CSDB ID 6981 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit ; 376000
Trivial name: BD0.4
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115015,IEDB_115136,IEDB_136045,IEDB_140630,IEDB_142488,IEDB_142489,IEDB_144562,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_149135,IEDB_152214,IEDB_174333,IEDB_423153,IEDB_983931,SB_192,SB_86

• Article ID: 6346
  Zhu S, Han J, Yan Z, Wu Y, Zhang W, Xia W, Feng H "Structure elucidation and immunological activity of a novel exopolysaccharide from Paenibacillus bovis sp. nov BD3526" - Carbohydrate Polymers 282 (2022) 119103
  

  A novel exopolysaccharide named BD0.4 was purified from the fermentation broth of Paenibacillus bovis sp. nov BD3526 in wheat bran medium via anion exchange column chromatography. Its fine structure was identified by a variety of physical and chemical methods. BD0.4, with the weight average molecular weight of 376 kDa, consisted of glucuronic acid, glucose and fucose in a molar ratio of 1.58:1:1.66. The backbone included 1,3-linked Fuc, 1,3,4-linked Fuc, 1,3-linked Glc and 1,4-linked GlcA residues, with the branching point located at the O4 position of 1,3,4-linked Fuc residues, and the branched chain composed of terminal GlcA residues. BD0.4 could improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages and significantly stimulate the secretion of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 from RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. BD0.4 could promote the expression of NF-кB and cause nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, indicating that BD0.4 probably exerted immune activity through the NF-κB signaling pathway.

  exopolysaccharide, structure elucidation, purification, immunological activity, Paenibacillus bovis sp.nov BD3526

  NCBI PubMed ID: 35123741
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119103
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: W. Xia ; H. Feng
  Institutions: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China, State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, PR China, Department of Food Science, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai 201400, PR China
  
   
  
  Paenibacillus bovis sp. nov BD3526
  CSDB ID 8581 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_136095,IEDB_137472,IEDB_137485,IEDB_1394182,IEDB_140630,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144983,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_149176,IEDB_152206,IEDB_190606,IEDB_983930,IEDB_983931,SB_192,SB_44,SB_72

• Article ID: 6949
  Ahrazem O, Prieto A, Gomez-Miranda B, Bernabé M, Leal JA "Comparison of cell-wall polysaccharides from Nectria cinnabarina with those from the group of Nectria with Sesquicillium anamorphs" - Microbiology 147 (2001) 1839-1849
  

  Alkali-extractable and water-soluble polysaccharides were purified from cell walls of five species of Sesquicillium or its teleomorphs, Nectria lasiacidis and Nectria impariphialis, and from Nectria cinnabarina, the type species of Nectria, a heterogeneous genus that belongs to the Hypocreales. Methylation and NMR analyses for determination of linkage types and structure were performed and indicated differences between the polysaccharides purified during the present study and those isolated from other nectrioid fungi, namely the presence of 5-O-substituted galactofuranose (→5)-Galf-(1→) in the main chain together with 2,6-di-O-substituted galactofuranose (→2,6)-Galf-(1→) residues in Sesquicillium buxi and Sesquicillium pseudosetosum. The polysaccharide from N. impariphialis was similar to those obtained from the above species, although an additional residue of 6-O-substituted glucopyranose (→6)-Glcp-(1→), was detected in some side chains. In N. lasiacidis and Sesquicillium candelabrum the polysaccharide contained an additional branching point of 5,6-di-O-substituted galactofuranose (→5,6)-Galf-(1→) linked to terminal N-acetylglucosamine GlcNAc-(1→). These chains were linked to a small mannan core. All these polysaccharides showed major differences to the polysaccharide of N. cinnabarina, which was formed by a main chain of (1→6)-β-linked galactofuranose units almost fully branched at positions 2-O by either single residues of glucopyranose or acidic chains containing glucuronic acid and mannose.

  chemotaxonomy, complex galactans, Hypocreales

  Journal NLM ID: 0376646
  WWW link: http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/147/7/1839.abstract
  Publisher: Washington, DC: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
  Correspondence: aleal@cib.csic.es
  Institutions: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Velázquez 144, 28006-Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Quı́mica Orgánica, Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica Biológica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GLC-MS, IR, acid hydrolysis, GLC, methanolysis, HPLC, TOCSY, NOESY, HMQC-TOCSY
  
   
  
  Nectria cinnabarina CBS 279.48, Nectria cinnabarina CBS 278.48, Nectria cinnabarina CBS 255.47
  CSDB ID 40520 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: monomer
Compound class: glycoglycerolipid
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_140630

• Article ID: 7063
  Fontaine T, Lamarre C, Simenel C, Lambou K, Coddeville B, Delepierre M, Latge JP "Characterization of glucuronic acid containing glycolipid in Aspergillus fumigatus mycelium" - Carbohydrate Research 344(15) (2009) 1960-1967
  

  A glucuronic acid containing glycerolipid was isolated from the filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus. This acidic glycolipid was extracted from the membrane of mycelium and purified by two successive chromatographic steps on DEAE-Sephadex and Silica columns. Chemical structural analysis was performed using methylation, gas-chromatography, gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry, nano-electrospray mass spectrometry and (1)H/(13)C NMR spectra. The corresponding structure is a 3-(O-α-glucuronyl)-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol, where acyl chains are mainly C(16:0), C(18:0), C(18:1), and C(18:2). This α-GlcA-diacylglycerol is not present in fungal conidia. This acidic glycerolipid is described here for the first time in a fungal species. Two homologs of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase that convert UDP-glucose into UDP-glucuronic acid, are present in A. fumigatus genome, UGD1 and UGD2. Gene deletion showed that only UGD1 is essential for the biosynthesis of GlcA-DG. However, no particular phenotype has been observed in the Ugd1Delta mutant. Biological function of this acidic glycolipid remains unknown in A. fumigatus.

  glucuronic acid, UDP-Glucose dehydrogenase, glycerolipid, Aspergillus fumigatus

  NCBI PubMed ID: 19709651
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.07.012
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: Thierry Fontaine
  Institutions: Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Unité de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire des Biomolécules, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des sciences et Technologies de Lille Flandres-Artois, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, CHUQ—Pav. St-François d’Assise, Centre de recherche, Québec, Québec, Canada
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, NMR-2D, PCR, GC-MS, DNA techniques, ESI-MS, GC, composition analysis, methanolysis, genetic methods, extraction, HPTLC
  
   
  
  Aspergillus fumigatus CBS 144-89
  CSDB ID 41729 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: monomer
Trivial name: 6-phosphogluconate
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_140630,IEDB_423153

• Article ID: 7198
  Eisenreich W, Knispel N, Beck A "Advanced methods for the study of the chemistry and the metabolism of lichens" - Phytochemistry Reviews 10(3) (2011) 445-456
  

  Lichens are compound entities of a fungal partner ("mycobiont") and one or more photosynthetically active algae or cyanobacteria ("photobionts"). The organisms live in an intimate, symbiotic association which has been classified as a mutualistic or controlled parasitic relationship. Several metabolites from lichens display unique structures with unknown functions, and only a few model species have been analysed comprehensively. The complex metabolic interplay between the organisms in lichens is also incompletely understood. Earlier experiments with 14C-labelled precursors indicated that the photobionts produce from CO2 glucose or sugar alcohols (e.g. ribitol and arabitol) which are then transferred to the mycobionts. In the fungi, these compounds are believed to be converted into mannitol serving as the carbon and energy source in the downstream metabolic processes. Recent methodological developments in spectroscopy and "systems biology" now enable a concise analysis of the metabolite profiles, networks and fluxes by non-targeted quantitative approaches. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about lichen metabolism and report on the potential of the advanced methods to reinvestigate lichen chemistry and metabolism on a quantitative basis.

  metabolomics, metabolite flux, Peltigera, stable isotopes, Xanthoria

  Publication DOI: 10.1007/s11101-011-9215-3
  Journal NLM ID: 101198162
  Publisher: Dordrecht: Springer
  Correspondence: Eisenreich W ; Beck A
  Institutions: Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany, Department of Lichenology and Bryology, Botanische Staatssammlung München, München, Germany
  
   
  
  Xanthoria elegans
  CSDB ID 43372 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_114701,IEDB_115136,IEDB_140630,IEDB_167188,IEDB_174332

• Article ID: 10826
  Matsuo N, Yoshida S, Kusakabe I, Murakami K "Chemical structure of xylan in cotton-seed cake" - Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 55 (1991) 2905-2907
  
  NCBI PubMed ID: 1368753
  Publication DOI: 10.1271/bbb1961.55.2905
  Journal NLM ID: 0370452
  Publisher: Tokyo: Agricultural Chemical Society Of Japan
  Institutions: Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Japan
  Methods: TLC, HPLC, enzymatic digestion, methylation analysis
  
   
  
  Gossypium hirsutum
  CSDB ID 101455 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_114701,IEDB_115136,IEDB_140630,IEDB_167188,IEDB_174332

• Article ID: 10826
  Matsuo N, Yoshida S, Kusakabe I, Murakami K "Chemical structure of xylan in cotton-seed cake" - Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 55 (1991) 2905-2907
  
  NCBI PubMed ID: 1368753
  Publication DOI: 10.1271/bbb1961.55.2905
  Journal NLM ID: 0370452
  Publisher: Tokyo: Agricultural Chemical Society Of Japan
  Institutions: Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Japan
  Methods: TLC, HPLC, enzymatic digestion, methylation analysis
  
   
  
  Gossypium hirsutum
  CSDB ID 201455 (all data & tools)