Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: glycopeptide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_114701,IEDB_115136,IEDB_130701,IEDB_136105,IEDB_140630,IEDB_144983,IEDB_150900,IEDB_152206,IEDB_167188,IEDB_174332,IEDB_225177,IEDB_423153,IEDB_885823,IEDB_983930,SB_44,SB_67,SB_72

• Article ID: 192
  Vinogradov E, Perry MB, Kay WW "The structure of the glycopeptides from the fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare" - Carbohydrate Research 338(23) (2003) 2653-2658
  

  Proteolytic digestion of the phenol-water extraction product of the fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare afforded a mixture of glycopeptides in which the oligosaccharide moiety was an unusual hexasaccharide composed of 4-O-methyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid (GlcNAcA), D-glucuronic acid (D-GlcA), 2,3-di-O-acetyl-D-xylose (D-Xyl), 2-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid (D-GlcA), D-mannose (D-Man), and 2-O-methyl-L-rhamnose (L-Rha). By the application of high-resolution 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectrometry, and chemical analysis, the hexasaccharide structure was determined to be: [carbohydrate structure--see text] where all monosaccharides have the D-configuration except for 2-O-methyl-L-rhamnose; and were in the pyranose form. Only one carbohydrate structure was found. The peptide part was represented by tri- to hepta-peptides with a minimal common tripeptide fragment Asp-Ser-Ala, extended with Ala and Val

  NMR, MS, Flavobacterium columnare, glycopeptide

  NCBI PubMed ID: 14670723
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: evguenii.vinogradov@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
  Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6, Department of Bacteriology and Biochemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2T2
  Methods: NMR-2D, NMR, chemical analysis, MS
  
   
  
  Flavobacterium columnare ATCC 43622, Flavobacterium columnare NRCC 6160
  CSDB ID 5522 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531

• Article ID: 198
  Vinogradov EV, Petersen BO, Thomas-Oates JE, Duus JO, Brade H, Holst O "Characterization of a novel branched tetrasaccharide of 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid. The structure of the carbohydrate backbone of the lipopolyasccharide from Acinetobacter baumannii strain NCTC 10303 (ATCC 17904)" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 273(43) (1998) 28122-28131
  

  For the first time, the tetrasaccharide Kdo a2→5 Kdo a2→5 (Kdo a2→4)Kdo (Kdo is 3-deoxy-Dmanno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid) has been identified in a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), i.e. in the core region of LPS from Acinetobacter baumannii NCTC 10303. The LPS was analyzed using compositional analysis, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. The disaccharide DGlcpN b1→6 DGlcpN, phosphorylated at O-1 and O-4', was identified as the carbohydrate backbone of the lipid A. The Kdo tetrasaccharide is attached to O-6' of this disaccharide and is further substituted by short L-rhamnoglycans of varying length and by the disaccharide DGlcpNAc a1→4 DGlcpNA (GlcpNA, 2-amino-2-deoxy-glucopyranosuronic acid). The core region is not substituted by phosphate residues and represents a novel core type of bacterial LPS. The complete carbohydrate backbone of the LPS is shown in Structure I as follows: [see formula in text] where Rha is rhamnose. Except were indicated, monosaccharides possess the D-configuration. Sugars marked with an asterisk are present in non-stoichiometric amounts.

  LPS, structure, core, acid, Acinetobacter, Acinetobacter baumannii, 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic

  NCBI PubMed ID: 9774431
  Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.43.28122
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Correspondence: oholst@fz-borstel.de
  Institutions: Division of Medical and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, D-23845 Borstel, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark, Department of Mass Spectrometry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University,NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
  Methods: NMR-2D, NMR, MS, composition analysis
  
   
  
  Acinetobacter baumannii NCTC 10303
  CSDB ID 343 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: CPS

• Article ID: 367
  Sau S, Lee CY "Cloning of type 8 capsule genes and analysis of gene clusters for the production of different capsular polysaccharides in Staphylococcus aureus" - Journal of Bacteriology 178(7) (1996) 2118-2126
  

  Eleven serotypes of capsular polysaccharide from Staphylococcus aureus have been reported. We have previously cloned a cluster of type 1 capsule (cap1) genes responsible for type 1 capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in S. aureus M. To clone the type 8 capsule (cap8) genes, a plasmid library of type 8 strain Becker was screened with a labelled DNA fragment containing the cap1 genes under low-stringency conditions. One recombinant plasmid containing a 14-kb insert was chosen for further study and found to complement 14 of the 18 type 8 capsule-negative (Cap8-) mutants used in the study. Additional library screening, subcloning, and complementation experiments showed that all of the 18 Cap8- mutants were complemented by DNA fragments derived from a 20.5-kb contiguous region of the Becker chromosome. The mutants were mapped into six complementation groups, indicating that the cap8 genes are clustered. By Southern hybridization analyses under high-stringency conditions, we found that DNA fragments containing the cap8 gene cluster show extensive homology with all 17 strains tested, including type 1 strains. By further Southern analyses and cloning of the cap8-related homolog from strain M, we show that strain M carries an additional capsule gene cluster different from the cap1 gene cluster. In addition, by using DNA fragments containing different regions of the cap8 gene cluster as probes to hybridize DNA from different strains, we found that the central region of the cap8 gene cluster hybridizes only to DNAs from certain strains tested whereas the flanking regions hybridize to DNAs of all strains tested. Thus, the cap8 gene clusters and its closely related homologs are likely to have organizations similar to those of the encapsulation genes of other bacterial systems.

  capsular polysaccharides, analysis, cloning, type, gene cluster, capsule, Staphylococcus aureus

  NCBI PubMed ID: 8606192
  Journal NLM ID: 2985120R
  Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
  Correspondence: clee@kumc.edu
  Institutions: Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
  Methods: genetic methods
  
   
  
  Staphylococcus aureus CP2
  CSDB ID 8116 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 3296
  Lee JC, Xu S, Albus A, Livolsi PJ "Genetic analysis of type 5 capsular polysaccharide expression by Staphylococcus aureus" - Journal of Bacteriology 176(16) (1994) 4883-4889
  

  Capsules are produced by over 90% of Staphylococcus aureus strains, and approximately 25% of clinical isolates express type 5 capsular polysaccharide (CP5). We mutagenized the type 5 strain Reynolds with Tn918 to target genes involved in CP5 expression. From a capsule-deficient mutant, we cloned into a cosmid vector an approximately 26-kb EcoRI fragment containing the transposon insertion. In the absence of tetracycline selection, Tn918 was spontaneously excised, thereby resulting in a plasmid containing 9.4 kb of S. aureus DNA flanking the Tn918 insertion site. The 9.4-kb DNA fragment was used to screen a cosmid library prepared from the wild-type strain. Positive colonies were identified by colony hybridization, and a restriction map of one clone (pJCL19 with an approximately 34-kb insert) carrying the putative capsule gene region was constructed. Fragments of pJCL19 were used to probe genomic DNA digests from S. aureus strains of different capsular serotypes. Fragments on the ends of the cloned DNA hybridized to fragments of similar sizes in most of the strains examined. Blots hybridized to two fragments flanking the central region of the cloned DNA showed restriction fragment length polymorphism. A centrally located DNA fragment hybridized only to DNA from capsular types 2, 4, and 5. DNA from pJCL19 was subcloned to a shuttle vector for complementation studies. A 6.2-kb EcoRI-ClaI fragment complemented CP5 expression in a capsule-negative mutant derived by mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate. These experiments provide the necessary groundwork for identifying genes involved in CP5 expression by S. aureus.

  genetic, clinical, expression, gene, genetics, DNA, strain, capsular, polysaccharide, serotype, analysis, capsular polysaccharide, type, mutant, region, insertion, plasmid, capsule, Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, fragment, Serotypes, site, clone, PDF, capsules, selection, polymorphism

  NCBI PubMed ID: 805001
  Journal NLM ID: 2985120R
  Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
  Institutions: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
  Methods: serological methods, genetic methods
  
   
  
  Staphylococcus aureus 2
  CSDB ID 22491 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen

• Article ID: 961
  MacLean LL, Perry MB, Crump EM, Kay WW "Structural characterization of the lipopolysaccharide O-polysaccharide antigen produced by Flavobacterium columnare ATCC43622 Leann L. MacLean, Malcolm B. Perry, Elizabeth M. Crump, William W. Kay" - European Journal of Biochemistry 270(16) (2003) 3440-3446
  

  The structure of the antigenic O-chain polysaccharide of Flavobacterium columnare ATCC43622, a Gram-negative bacterium that causes columnaris disease in warm water fish, was determined by high-field 1D and 2D NMR techniques, MS, and chemical analyses. The O-chain was shown to be an unbranched linear polymer of a trisaccharide repeating unit composed of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucuronic acid (d-GlcNAcA), 2-acetamidino-2,6-dideoxy-l-galactose (l-FucNAm) and 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-d-xylo-hexos-4-ulose (d-Sug) (1 : 1 : 1), having the structure: [structure: see text].

  Lipopolysaccharide, antigen, structural, characterization, O-polysaccharide, O polysaccharide, Flavobacterium

  NCBI PubMed ID: 12899701
  Journal NLM ID: 0107600
  Publisher: Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies
  Correspondence: malcolm.perry@nrc.ca
  Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
  Methods: NMR-2D, NMR, chemical analysis, MS
  
   
  
  Flavobacterium columnare ATCC 43622
  CSDB ID 3194 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6301
  Qin CJ, Ding MR, Tian GZ, Zou XP, Fu JJ, Hu J, Yin J "Chemical approaches towards installation of rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans" - Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines = Zhongguo Tianran Yaowu 20(6) (2022) 401-420
  

  Bacterial surface glycans perform a diverse and important set of biological roles, and have been widely used in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases. The majority of bacterial surface glycans are decorated with diverse rare functional groups, including amido, acetamidino, carboxamido and pyruvate groups. These functional groups are thought to be important constituents for the biological activities of glycans. Chemical synthesis of glycans bearing these functional groups or their variants is essential for the investigation of structure-activity relationships by a medicinal chemistry approach. To date, a broad choice of synthetic methods is available for targeting the different rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans. This article reviews the structures of naturally occurring rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans, and the chemical methods used for installation of these groups.

  chemical synthesis, acetamidino group, amido group, bacterial surface glycan, carboxamido group, pyruvyl ketal

  NCBI PubMed ID: 35750381
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5364(22)60177-8
  Journal NLM ID: 101504416
  Publisher: Beijing: Science Press; Elsevier
  Correspondence: J. Yin
  Institutions: Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
  
   
  
  Flavobacterium columnare ATCC 43622
  CSDB ID 21187 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide

• Article ID: 961
  MacLean LL, Perry MB, Crump EM, Kay WW "Structural characterization of the lipopolysaccharide O-polysaccharide antigen produced by Flavobacterium columnare ATCC43622 Leann L. MacLean, Malcolm B. Perry, Elizabeth M. Crump, William W. Kay" - European Journal of Biochemistry 270(16) (2003) 3440-3446
  

  The structure of the antigenic O-chain polysaccharide of Flavobacterium columnare ATCC43622, a Gram-negative bacterium that causes columnaris disease in warm water fish, was determined by high-field 1D and 2D NMR techniques, MS, and chemical analyses. The O-chain was shown to be an unbranched linear polymer of a trisaccharide repeating unit composed of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucuronic acid (d-GlcNAcA), 2-acetamidino-2,6-dideoxy-l-galactose (l-FucNAm) and 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-d-xylo-hexos-4-ulose (d-Sug) (1 : 1 : 1), having the structure: [structure: see text].

  Lipopolysaccharide, antigen, structural, characterization, O-polysaccharide, O polysaccharide, Flavobacterium

  NCBI PubMed ID: 12899701
  Journal NLM ID: 0107600
  Publisher: Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies
  Correspondence: malcolm.perry@nrc.ca
  Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
  Methods: NMR-2D, NMR, chemical analysis, MS
  
   
  
  Flavobacterium columnare ATCC 43622
  CSDB ID 3237 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_130701,IEDB_144983,IEDB_152206,IEDB_983930,SB_44,SB_67,SB_72

• Article ID: 1083
  Parolis H, Parolis LAS, Boán IF, Rodríguez-Valera F, Widmalm G, Manca MC, Jansson P, Sutherland IW "The structure of the exopolysaccharide produced by the halophilic Archaeon Haloferax mediterranei strain R4 (ATCC33500)" - Carbohydrate Research 295 (1996) 147-156
  

  The halophilic Archaeon Haloferax mediterranei exudes into the growth medium a high molecular weight sulfated polysaccharide. The structure of the repeating unit of this polymer was determined by a combination of glycose, methylation, and sulfate analysis, periodate oxidation, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis of the native and periodate-oxidised/reduced polysaccharides. The location of the sulfate group was established from the 1H and 13C NMR data. The structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide may be written as [formula: see text]

  structure, strain, exopolysaccharide, sulfate, Archaeon, Haloferax, halophilic

  NCBI PubMed ID: 9002190
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa, Departamento de Genetica y Microbiologia, Universidad de Alicante, Campus de San Juan, Apdo. 374, E-03080 Alicante, Spain, Clinical Research centre, Analytical Unit, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Edingurgh University, Mayfield Rd. Edingurgh, EH9 3JH, UK
  Methods: methylation, periodate oxidation, NMR-2D, NMR, sugar analysis, sulfate analysis
  
   
  
  Haloferax mediterranei R4 (ATCC 33500)
  CSDB ID 4018 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5137
  Casillo A, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Corsaro MM "Exopolysaccharides from Marine and Marine Extremophilic Bacteria: Structures, Properties, Ecological Roles and Applications" - Marine Drugs 16(2) (2018) pii E69
  

  The marine environment is the largest aquatic ecosystem on Earth and it harbours microorganisms responsible for more than 50% of total biomass of prokaryotes in the world. All these microorganisms produce extracellular polymers that constitute a substantial part of the dissolved organic carbon, often in the form of exopolysaccharides (EPS). In addition, the production of these polymers is often correlated to the establishment of the biofilm growth mode, during which they are important matrix components. Their functions include adhesion and colonization of surfaces, protection of the bacterial cells and support for biochemical interactions between the bacteria and the surrounding environment. The aim of this review is to present a summary of the status of the research about the structures of exopolysaccharides from marine bacteria, including capsular, medium released and biofilm embedded polysaccharides. Moreover, ecological roles of these polymers, especially for those isolated from extreme ecological niches (deep-sea hydrothermal vents, polar regions, hypersaline ponds, etc.), are reported. Finally, relationships between the structure and the function of the exopolysaccharides are discussed.

  NMR, capsular polysaccharide, exopolysaccharide, exopolysaccharides, EPS, purification, Extremophile, marine, chemical characterization, GC-MS, structure/activity relationship

  NCBI PubMed ID: 29461505
  Publication DOI: 10.3390/md16020069
  Journal NLM ID: 101213729
  Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: Molecular Diversity Preservation International
  Correspondence: corsaro@unina.it; angela.casillo@unina.it
  Institutions: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples 80126, Italy
  
   
  
  Haloferax mediterranei ATCC 33500
  CSDB ID 13088 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5253
  Vijayendra SV, Shamala TR "Film forming microbial biopolymers for commercial applications-A review" - Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 34(4) (2014) 338-357
  

  Microorganisms synthesize intracellular, structural and extracellular polymers also referred to as biopolymers for their function and survival. These biopolymers play specific roles as energy reserve materials, protective agents, aid in cell functioning, the establishment of symbiosis, osmotic adaptation and support the microbial genera to function, adapt, multiply and survive efficiently under changing environmental conditions. Viscosifying, gelling and film forming properties of these have been exploited for specific significant applications in food and allied industries. Intensive research activities and recent achievements in relevant and important research fields of global interest regarding film forming microbial biopolymers is the subject of this review. Microbial polymers such as pullulan, kefiran, bacterial cellulose (BC), gellan and levan are placed under the category of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and have several other functional properties including film formation, which can be used for various applications in food and allied industries. In addition to EPS, innumerable bacterial genera are found to synthesis carbon energy reserves in their cells known as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), microbial polyesters, which can be extruded into films with excellent moisture and oxygen barrier properties. Blow moldable biopolymers like PHA along with polylactic acid (PLA) synthesized chemically in vitro using lactic acid (LA), which is produced by LA bacteria through fermentation, are projected as biodegradable polymers of the future for packaging applications. Designing and creating of new property based on requirements through controlled synthesis can lead to improvement in properties of existing polysaccharides and create novel biopolymers of great commercial interest and value for wider applications. Incorporation of antimicrobials such as bacteriocins or silver and copper nanoparticles can enhance the functionality of polymer films especially in food packaging applications either in the form of coatings or wrappings. Use of EPS in combinations to obtain desired properties can be evaluated to increase the application range. Controlled release of active compounds, bioactive protection and resistance to water can be investigated while developing new technologies to improve the film properties of active packaging and coatings. An holistic approach may be adopted in developing an economical and biodegradable packaging material with acceptable properties. An interdisciplinary approach with new innovations can lead to the development of new composites of these biopolymers to enhance the application range. This current review focuses on linking and consolidation of recent research activities on the production and applications of film forming microbial polymers like EPS, PHA and PLA for commercial applications. © 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.

  exopolysaccharides, fermentation, antimicrobial films, biodegradable, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acid

  NCBI PubMed ID: 23919238
  Publication DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.798254
  Journal NLM ID: 8505177
  Publisher: CRC Press
  Correspondence: Vijayendra SV ; Vijayendra SV
  Institutions: Food Microbiology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (A constituent laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi), Mysore, Karnataka, India
  
   
  
  Haloferax mediterranei
  CSDB ID 46510 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5444
  Hamidi M, Mirzaei R, Delattre C, Khanaki K, Pierre G, Gardarin C, Petit E, Karimitabar F, Faezi S "Characterization of a new exopolysaccharide produced by Halorubrum sp. TBZ112 and evaluation of its anti-proliferative effect on gastric cancer cells" - 3 Biotech 9(1) (2019) 1
  

  In the present study, we aimed to extract, purify, analyze monosaccharide composition of exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Halorubrum sp. TBZ112 (KCTC 4203 and IBRC-M 10773) and also to evaluate its possible antiproliferative activity against human gastric cancer (MKN-45) cell line and its biocompatibility effect on normal cells using human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell line. Average molecular weight and monosaccharide composition were determined by high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) and high-pressure anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used for the partial characterization of the EPS. The EPS effect on the cell proliferation and viability of MKN-45 and HDF cells was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and trypan blue dye exclusion, respectively. Strain TBZ112 excreted 480 mg.l-1 of the EPS under optimal growth conditions. The EPS had a molecular weight of 5.052 kDa and was a heteropolysaccharide containing ten moieties mainly composed of mannose (19.95%), glucosamine (15.55%), galacturonic acid (15.43%), arabinose (12.24%), and glucuronic acid (12.05%). No significant difference of the EPS treatments on the proliferation activity of MKN-45 and HDF cells were observed (P > 0.05). For the first time, the EPS from Halorubrum sp. TBZ112, an extremely halophilic archaeon related to Halorubrum genus, was isolated and chemically characterized. The EPS from Halorubrum sp. TBZ112 possesses a relatively low molecular weight and might be applied as a biocompatible compound. More investigations are needed to determine other biological activities of the EPS along with further details of its chemical structure.

  exopolysaccharide (EPS), Antiproliferative effect, Halorubrum sp.TBZ112, Monosaccharide composition

  NCBI PubMed ID: 30555767
  Publication DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1515-5
  Journal NLM ID: 101565857
  Publisher: Berlin: Springer
  Correspondence: Korosh Khanaki ;
  Institutions: Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Institut Pascal UMR CNRS 6602, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, EA3900 BIOPI, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des facultés, Le Bailly, 80025 Amiens cedex, France
  Methods: HPAEC, FTIR, composition analysis, HPSEC-MALLS, extraction, statistical analysis
  
   
  
  Haloferax mediterranei
  CSDB ID 765 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: EPS

• Article ID: 1083
  Parolis H, Parolis LAS, Boán IF, Rodríguez-Valera F, Widmalm G, Manca MC, Jansson P, Sutherland IW "The structure of the exopolysaccharide produced by the halophilic Archaeon Haloferax mediterranei strain R4 (ATCC33500)" - Carbohydrate Research 295 (1996) 147-156
  

  The halophilic Archaeon Haloferax mediterranei exudes into the growth medium a high molecular weight sulfated polysaccharide. The structure of the repeating unit of this polymer was determined by a combination of glycose, methylation, and sulfate analysis, periodate oxidation, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis of the native and periodate-oxidised/reduced polysaccharides. The location of the sulfate group was established from the 1H and 13C NMR data. The structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide may be written as [formula: see text]

  structure, strain, exopolysaccharide, sulfate, Archaeon, Haloferax, halophilic

  NCBI PubMed ID: 9002190
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa, Departamento de Genetica y Microbiologia, Universidad de Alicante, Campus de San Juan, Apdo. 374, E-03080 Alicante, Spain, Clinical Research centre, Analytical Unit, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Edingurgh University, Mayfield Rd. Edingurgh, EH9 3JH, UK
  Methods: methylation, periodate oxidation, NMR-2D, NMR, sugar analysis, sulfate analysis
  
   
  
  Haloferax mediterranei R4 (ATCC 33500)
  CSDB ID 4128 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5253
  Vijayendra SV, Shamala TR "Film forming microbial biopolymers for commercial applications-A review" - Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 34(4) (2014) 338-357
  

  Microorganisms synthesize intracellular, structural and extracellular polymers also referred to as biopolymers for their function and survival. These biopolymers play specific roles as energy reserve materials, protective agents, aid in cell functioning, the establishment of symbiosis, osmotic adaptation and support the microbial genera to function, adapt, multiply and survive efficiently under changing environmental conditions. Viscosifying, gelling and film forming properties of these have been exploited for specific significant applications in food and allied industries. Intensive research activities and recent achievements in relevant and important research fields of global interest regarding film forming microbial biopolymers is the subject of this review. Microbial polymers such as pullulan, kefiran, bacterial cellulose (BC), gellan and levan are placed under the category of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and have several other functional properties including film formation, which can be used for various applications in food and allied industries. In addition to EPS, innumerable bacterial genera are found to synthesis carbon energy reserves in their cells known as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), microbial polyesters, which can be extruded into films with excellent moisture and oxygen barrier properties. Blow moldable biopolymers like PHA along with polylactic acid (PLA) synthesized chemically in vitro using lactic acid (LA), which is produced by LA bacteria through fermentation, are projected as biodegradable polymers of the future for packaging applications. Designing and creating of new property based on requirements through controlled synthesis can lead to improvement in properties of existing polysaccharides and create novel biopolymers of great commercial interest and value for wider applications. Incorporation of antimicrobials such as bacteriocins or silver and copper nanoparticles can enhance the functionality of polymer films especially in food packaging applications either in the form of coatings or wrappings. Use of EPS in combinations to obtain desired properties can be evaluated to increase the application range. Controlled release of active compounds, bioactive protection and resistance to water can be investigated while developing new technologies to improve the film properties of active packaging and coatings. An holistic approach may be adopted in developing an economical and biodegradable packaging material with acceptable properties. An interdisciplinary approach with new innovations can lead to the development of new composites of these biopolymers to enhance the application range. This current review focuses on linking and consolidation of recent research activities on the production and applications of film forming microbial polymers like EPS, PHA and PLA for commercial applications. © 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.

  exopolysaccharides, fermentation, antimicrobial films, biodegradable, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acid

  NCBI PubMed ID: 23919238
  Publication DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.798254
  Journal NLM ID: 8505177
  Publisher: CRC Press
  Correspondence: Vijayendra SV ; Vijayendra SV
  Institutions: Food Microbiology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (A constituent laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi), Mysore, Karnataka, India
  
   
  
  Haloferax mediterranei
  CSDB ID 46511 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen

• Article ID: 3563
  Vinogradov E, MacLean LL, Brooks BW, Lutze-Wallace C, Perry MB "Structure of the O-polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Taylorella asinigenitalis type strain (ATCC 700933)" - Biochemistry and Cell Biology 86(3) (2008) 278-284
  

  Taylorella asinigenitalis sp. nov is a nonpathogenic gram-negative bacterium recently isolated from the genital tract of male donkeys. The bacterium is phenotypically indistinguishable from Taylorella equigenitalis, a pathogen that is the cause of contagious equine metritis, a highly communicable venereal disease of horses. The structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide produced by T. asinigenitalis sp. nov (ATCC 700933) demonstrated that its O-polysaccharide (O-PS) component is a linear unbranched polymer of repeating disaccharide units composed of 1,3-linked pyranosyl residues of 2,4-diacetamido-2,4-dideoxy-β-D-quinovose (bacillosamine) and 2-acetamidino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucuronic acid, and has the structure [→3)-β-D-QuipNAc4NAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAmA-(1→]n. The chemical structure and serological characteristics of the T. asinigenitalis O-PS are distinct from those of the O-PS of the T. equigenitalis type strain, thus providing a cell-surface target macromolecule that can be used to distinguish pathogenic from nonpathogenic Taylorella sp. clinical isolates.

  Lipopolysaccharide, structure, O-polysaccharide, Taylorella asinigenitalis

  NCBI PubMed ID: 18523489
  Journal NLM ID: 8606068
  Publisher: Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada
  Correspondence: malcolm.perry@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
  Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, GC-MS, HF solvolysis, SDS-PAGE, sugar analysis, GLC, mild acid hydrolysis, chemical methods, NMR-1D, CE-MS
  
   
  
  Taylorella asinigenitalis ATCC 700933
  CSDB ID 22750 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 3825
  Brooks BW, Lutze-Wallace CL, MacLean LL, Vinogradov E, Perry MB "Identification and differentiation of Taylorella equigenitalis and Taylorella asinigenitalis by lipopolysaccharide O-antigen serology using monoclonal antibodies" - Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 74(1) (2010) 18-24
  

  Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from Taylorella equigenitalis, the causative agent of contagious equine metritis, and T. asinigenitalis were compared by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Lipopolysaccharide profiles of 11 T. equigenitalis strains were similar, but different from the profiles of 3 T. asinigenitalis strains, and the profiles of 2 T. asinigenitalis strains were similar to each other. The serological specificities of the LPSs from these 14 strains were examined by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the LPSs of the T. equigenitalis and T. asinigenitalis type strains and T. asinigenitalis strain 2329-98. A MAb to T. equigenitalis LPS O-polysaccharide (O-PS) (M2560) reacted with LPSs from all T. equigenitalis strains but did not react with LPSs from the 3 T. asinigenitalis strains or with 43 non-Taylorella bacteria. Three MAbs to the T. asinigenitalis type strain LPS O-PS or core epitopes (M2974, M2982, M3000) reacted with the homologous strain and T. asinigenitalis strain Bd 3751/05, but not with any of the other bacteria. Five MAbs to T. asinigenitalis 2329-98 LPS O-PS or core epitopes (M2904, M2907, M2910, M2923, M2929) reacted only with this strain. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the O-PSs of the type strains of T. equigenitalis and T. asinigenitalis provided fingerprint identification and differentiation of these 2 organisms. The serological results were consistent with our previous finding that the O-antigen of the type strain of T. equigenitalis, being a linear polymer of disaccharide repeating [→4)-α-L-GulpNAc3NAcA-(1→4)-β-D-ManpNAc3NAcA-(1→] units, differs from that of the T. asinigenitalis O-antigen polymer that is composed of repeating [→3)-β-D-QuipNAc4NAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAmA-(1→] units. Lipopolysaccharide O-PS could be a specific marker for identification and differentiation of T. equigenitalis and T. asinigenitalis, and provide the basis for the development of specific detection assays for T. equigenitalis.

  Lipopolysaccharide, O-antigen, monoclonal antibodies, serology, differentiation, veterinary, Taylorella equigenitalis

  NCBI PubMed ID: 20357953
  Journal NLM ID: 8607793
  Publisher: Canadian Veterinary Medical Association
  Correspondence: brian.brooks@inspection.gc.ca
  Institutions: Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9 (Brooks, Lutze-Wallace), National Research Council of Canada, Institute of Biological Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6 (MacLean, Vinogradov, Perry).
  Methods: 1H NMR, SDS-PAGE, ELISA, serological methods, immunoblotting
  
   
  
  Taylorella asinigenitalis ATCC 700933
  CSDB ID 25549 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5157
  Goyette-Desjardins G, Vinogradov E, Okura M, Takamatsu D, Gottschalk M, Segura M "Streptococcus suis serotype 3 and serotype 18 capsular polysaccharides contain di-N-acetyl-bacillosamine" - Carbohydrate Research 466 (2018) 18-29
  

  Streptococcus suis serotype 3 is counted among the S. suis serotypes causing clinical disease in pigs. Yet, limited information is available on this serotype. Here we determined for the first time the chemical composition and structure of serotype 3 capsular polysaccharide (CPS), a major bacterial virulence factor and the antigen at the origin of S. suis classification into serotypes. Chemical and spectroscopic data gave the repeating unit sequence for serotype 3: [4)D-GlcA (β1-3)d-QuiNAc4NAc(β1-]n. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of di-N-acetyl-d-bacillosamine (QuiNAc4NAc) containing polysaccharides in Streptococci and the second time this rare diamino sugar has been observed in a Gram-positive bacterial species since its initial report. This led to the identification of homologues of UDP-QuiNAc4NAc synthesis genes in S. suis serotype 18. Thus, the repeating unit sequence for serotype 18 is: [3)d-GalNAc(α1-3)[d-Glc (β1-2)]d-GalA4OAc(β1-3)d-GalNAc(α1-3)d-QuiNAc4NAc(α1-]n. A correlation between S. suis serotypes 3 and 18 CPS sequences and genes of these serotypes' cps loci encoding putative glycosyltransferases and polymerase responsible for the biosynthesis of the repeating unit was tentatively established. Knowledge of CPS structure and composition will contribute to better dissect the role of this bacterial component in the pathogenesis of S. suis serotypes 3 and 18.

  polysaccharide, capsular polysaccharide, polysaccharides, carbohydrate structure, Streptococcus suis, Di-N-Acetyl-bacillosamine, Serotype 18, Serotype 3

  NCBI PubMed ID: 30014879
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.07.003
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: mariela.segura@umontreal.ca
  Institutions: Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 2M2, Canada, Canadian Glycomics Network (GlycoNet), University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada, Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, periodate oxidation, gel filtration, NMR-2D, GC-MS, de-O-acylation, sugar analysis, methanolysis, SEC-MALS, bioinformatic analysis
  
   
  
  Taylorella asinigenitalis (ATCC 700933)
  CSDB ID 12600 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: fragment of a bigger structure
Aglycon: (1->3) O-polysaccharide
Compound class: O-polysaccharide

• Article ID: 3563
  Vinogradov E, MacLean LL, Brooks BW, Lutze-Wallace C, Perry MB "Structure of the O-polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Taylorella asinigenitalis type strain (ATCC 700933)" - Biochemistry and Cell Biology 86(3) (2008) 278-284
  

  Taylorella asinigenitalis sp. nov is a nonpathogenic gram-negative bacterium recently isolated from the genital tract of male donkeys. The bacterium is phenotypically indistinguishable from Taylorella equigenitalis, a pathogen that is the cause of contagious equine metritis, a highly communicable venereal disease of horses. The structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide produced by T. asinigenitalis sp. nov (ATCC 700933) demonstrated that its O-polysaccharide (O-PS) component is a linear unbranched polymer of repeating disaccharide units composed of 1,3-linked pyranosyl residues of 2,4-diacetamido-2,4-dideoxy-β-D-quinovose (bacillosamine) and 2-acetamidino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucuronic acid, and has the structure [→3)-β-D-QuipNAc4NAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAmA-(1→]n. The chemical structure and serological characteristics of the T. asinigenitalis O-PS are distinct from those of the O-PS of the T. equigenitalis type strain, thus providing a cell-surface target macromolecule that can be used to distinguish pathogenic from nonpathogenic Taylorella sp. clinical isolates.

  Lipopolysaccharide, structure, O-polysaccharide, Taylorella asinigenitalis

  NCBI PubMed ID: 18523489
  Journal NLM ID: 8606068
  Publisher: Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada
  Correspondence: malcolm.perry@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
  Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, GC-MS, HF solvolysis, SDS-PAGE, sugar analysis, GLC, mild acid hydrolysis, chemical methods, NMR-1D, CE-MS
  
   
  
  Taylorella asinigenitalis ATCC 700933
  CSDB ID 23319 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer

• Article ID: 3563
  Vinogradov E, MacLean LL, Brooks BW, Lutze-Wallace C, Perry MB "Structure of the O-polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Taylorella asinigenitalis type strain (ATCC 700933)" - Biochemistry and Cell Biology 86(3) (2008) 278-284
  

  Taylorella asinigenitalis sp. nov is a nonpathogenic gram-negative bacterium recently isolated from the genital tract of male donkeys. The bacterium is phenotypically indistinguishable from Taylorella equigenitalis, a pathogen that is the cause of contagious equine metritis, a highly communicable venereal disease of horses. The structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide produced by T. asinigenitalis sp. nov (ATCC 700933) demonstrated that its O-polysaccharide (O-PS) component is a linear unbranched polymer of repeating disaccharide units composed of 1,3-linked pyranosyl residues of 2,4-diacetamido-2,4-dideoxy-β-D-quinovose (bacillosamine) and 2-acetamidino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucuronic acid, and has the structure [→3)-β-D-QuipNAc4NAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAmA-(1→]n. The chemical structure and serological characteristics of the T. asinigenitalis O-PS are distinct from those of the O-PS of the T. equigenitalis type strain, thus providing a cell-surface target macromolecule that can be used to distinguish pathogenic from nonpathogenic Taylorella sp. clinical isolates.

  Lipopolysaccharide, structure, O-polysaccharide, Taylorella asinigenitalis

  NCBI PubMed ID: 18523489
  Journal NLM ID: 8606068
  Publisher: Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada
  Correspondence: malcolm.perry@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
  Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, GC-MS, HF solvolysis, SDS-PAGE, sugar analysis, GLC, mild acid hydrolysis, chemical methods, NMR-1D, CE-MS
  
   
  
  Taylorella asinigenitalis ATCC 700933
  CSDB ID 23320 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer

• Article ID: 3563
  Vinogradov E, MacLean LL, Brooks BW, Lutze-Wallace C, Perry MB "Structure of the O-polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Taylorella asinigenitalis type strain (ATCC 700933)" - Biochemistry and Cell Biology 86(3) (2008) 278-284
  

  Taylorella asinigenitalis sp. nov is a nonpathogenic gram-negative bacterium recently isolated from the genital tract of male donkeys. The bacterium is phenotypically indistinguishable from Taylorella equigenitalis, a pathogen that is the cause of contagious equine metritis, a highly communicable venereal disease of horses. The structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide produced by T. asinigenitalis sp. nov (ATCC 700933) demonstrated that its O-polysaccharide (O-PS) component is a linear unbranched polymer of repeating disaccharide units composed of 1,3-linked pyranosyl residues of 2,4-diacetamido-2,4-dideoxy-β-D-quinovose (bacillosamine) and 2-acetamidino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucuronic acid, and has the structure [→3)-β-D-QuipNAc4NAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAmA-(1→]n. The chemical structure and serological characteristics of the T. asinigenitalis O-PS are distinct from those of the O-PS of the T. equigenitalis type strain, thus providing a cell-surface target macromolecule that can be used to distinguish pathogenic from nonpathogenic Taylorella sp. clinical isolates.

  Lipopolysaccharide, structure, O-polysaccharide, Taylorella asinigenitalis

  NCBI PubMed ID: 18523489
  Journal NLM ID: 8606068
  Publisher: Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada
  Correspondence: malcolm.perry@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
  Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, GC-MS, HF solvolysis, SDS-PAGE, sugar analysis, GLC, mild acid hydrolysis, chemical methods, NMR-1D, CE-MS
  
   
  
  Taylorella asinigenitalis ATCC 700933
  CSDB ID 31132 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer

• Article ID: 3563
  Vinogradov E, MacLean LL, Brooks BW, Lutze-Wallace C, Perry MB "Structure of the O-polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Taylorella asinigenitalis type strain (ATCC 700933)" - Biochemistry and Cell Biology 86(3) (2008) 278-284
  

  Taylorella asinigenitalis sp. nov is a nonpathogenic gram-negative bacterium recently isolated from the genital tract of male donkeys. The bacterium is phenotypically indistinguishable from Taylorella equigenitalis, a pathogen that is the cause of contagious equine metritis, a highly communicable venereal disease of horses. The structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide produced by T. asinigenitalis sp. nov (ATCC 700933) demonstrated that its O-polysaccharide (O-PS) component is a linear unbranched polymer of repeating disaccharide units composed of 1,3-linked pyranosyl residues of 2,4-diacetamido-2,4-dideoxy-β-D-quinovose (bacillosamine) and 2-acetamidino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucuronic acid, and has the structure [→3)-β-D-QuipNAc4NAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAmA-(1→]n. The chemical structure and serological characteristics of the T. asinigenitalis O-PS are distinct from those of the O-PS of the T. equigenitalis type strain, thus providing a cell-surface target macromolecule that can be used to distinguish pathogenic from nonpathogenic Taylorella sp. clinical isolates.

  Lipopolysaccharide, structure, O-polysaccharide, Taylorella asinigenitalis

  NCBI PubMed ID: 18523489
  Journal NLM ID: 8606068
  Publisher: Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada
  Correspondence: malcolm.perry@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
  Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, GC-MS, HF solvolysis, SDS-PAGE, sugar analysis, GLC, mild acid hydrolysis, chemical methods, NMR-1D, CE-MS
  
   
  
  Taylorella asinigenitalis ATCC 700933
  CSDB ID 23321 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_130650,IEDB_2189046

• Article ID: 3563
  Vinogradov E, MacLean LL, Brooks BW, Lutze-Wallace C, Perry MB "Structure of the O-polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Taylorella asinigenitalis type strain (ATCC 700933)" - Biochemistry and Cell Biology 86(3) (2008) 278-284
  

  Taylorella asinigenitalis sp. nov is a nonpathogenic gram-negative bacterium recently isolated from the genital tract of male donkeys. The bacterium is phenotypically indistinguishable from Taylorella equigenitalis, a pathogen that is the cause of contagious equine metritis, a highly communicable venereal disease of horses. The structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide produced by T. asinigenitalis sp. nov (ATCC 700933) demonstrated that its O-polysaccharide (O-PS) component is a linear unbranched polymer of repeating disaccharide units composed of 1,3-linked pyranosyl residues of 2,4-diacetamido-2,4-dideoxy-β-D-quinovose (bacillosamine) and 2-acetamidino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucuronic acid, and has the structure [→3)-β-D-QuipNAc4NAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAmA-(1→]n. The chemical structure and serological characteristics of the T. asinigenitalis O-PS are distinct from those of the O-PS of the T. equigenitalis type strain, thus providing a cell-surface target macromolecule that can be used to distinguish pathogenic from nonpathogenic Taylorella sp. clinical isolates.

  Lipopolysaccharide, structure, O-polysaccharide, Taylorella asinigenitalis

  NCBI PubMed ID: 18523489
  Journal NLM ID: 8606068
  Publisher: Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada
  Correspondence: malcolm.perry@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
  Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, GC-MS, HF solvolysis, SDS-PAGE, sugar analysis, GLC, mild acid hydrolysis, chemical methods, NMR-1D, CE-MS
  
   
  
  Taylorella asinigenitalis ATCC 700933
  CSDB ID 23322 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_133754,IEDB_136105,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_225177,IEDB_885823,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 3759
  Perepelov AV, L'vov VL, Liu B, Senchenkova SN, Shekht ME, Shashkov AS, Feng L, Aparin PG, Wang L, Knirel YA "A similarity in the O-acetylation pattern of the O-antigens of Shigella flexneri types 1a, 1b and 2a" - Carbohydrate Research 344(5) (2009) 687-692
  

  Shigella flexneri type 2a is the first, and type 1b is the second, most prevalent isolates from patients with shigellosis in Russia. The O-specific polysaccharides (OPSs, O-antigens) of S. flexneri types 1-5 possess a common →2)-α-L-RhapIII-(1→2)-α-L-RhapII-(1→3)-α-L-RhapI-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→ backbone and differ from each other in its glucosylation or/and O-acetylation at various positions, the modifications being responsible for various O-factors. It was suggested that O-factor 6 expressed by type 1b is associated with O-acetylation of RhaI at position 2 but more than one O-acetyl group has been detected in the type 1b OPS [Kenne, L. et al. Eur. J. Biochem.1978, 91, 279-284]. In this work, O-acetylation of RhapI in the type 1b OPS was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and location of an additional O-acetyl group at position either 3 (major) or 4 (minor) of RhapIII was determined. Type 1a differs from type 1b in the lack of O-acetylation of RhapI only. In type 2a, in addition to two reported major O-acetyl groups at position 6 of GlcNAc and position 3 of RhapIII [Kubler-Kielb, J. et al. Carbohydr. Res.2007, 342, 643-647], a minor O-acetyl group was found at position 4 of RhaIII. Therefore, RhapIII is O-acetylated in the same manner in all three S. flexneri serotypes studied.

  O-antigen, Shigella flexneri, O-specific polysaccharide, O-acetylation, bacterial polysaccharide structure

  NCBI PubMed ID: 19246033
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.01.004
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: perepel@ioc.ac.ru
  Institutions: N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, de-O-acetylation, acid degradation
  
   
  
  Shigella flexneri 2a
  CSDB ID 24175 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5188
  Micoli F, Costantino P, Adamo R "Potential targets for next generation anti-microbial glycoconjugate vaccines" - FEMS Microbiology Reviews 42(3) (2018) 388-423
  

  Cell surface carbohydrates have been proven optimal targets for vaccine development. Conjugation of polysaccharides to a carrier protein triggers a T-cell dependent immune response to the glycan moiety. Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are produced by chemical conjugation of capsular polysaccharides to prevent meningitis caused by meningococcus, pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b. However, other classes of carbohydrates (O-antigens, exopolysaccharides, wall/teichoic acids) represent attractive targets for developing vaccines.Recent analysis from WHO/CHO underpins alarming concern towards antibiotic resistant bacteria, such as the so called ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) and additional pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and Group A Streptococcus. Fungal infections are also becoming increasingly invasive for immunocompromised patients or hospitalized individuals. Other emergencies could derive from bacteria which spread during environmental calamities (Vibrio cholerae) or with potential as bioterrorism weapons (Burkholderia pseudomallei and mallei, Francisella tularensis). Vaccination could aid reducing the use of broad spectrum antibiotics and provide protection by herd immunity also to individuals who are not vaccinated.This review analyses structural and functional differences of the polysaccharides exposed on the surface of emerging pathogenic bacteria, combined with medical need and technological feasibility of corresponding glycoconjugate vaccines.

  carbohydrates, glycoconjugates, vaccines, glycoengineering, antimicrobial resistance

  NCBI PubMed ID: 29547971
  Publication DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy011
  Journal NLM ID: 8902526
  Publisher: Oxford University Press
  Correspondence: Roberto Adamo
  Institutions: GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena
  
   
  
  Shigella flexneri 2a
  CSDB ID 12721 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136906,IEDB_137340,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151528,IEDB_151531,IEDB_190606,SB_7

• Article ID: 4329
  Knirel YA "Structure of O-antigens" - Book: Bacterial lipopolysaccharides: Structure, chemical synthesis, biogenesis and interaction with host cells (2011) Chapter 3, 41-115
  

  The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major constituent of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Its lipid A moiety is embedded in the membrane and serves as an anchor for the rest of the LPS molecule. The outermost repetitive glycan region of the LPS is linked to the lipid A through a core oligosaccharide (OS), and is designated as the O-specific polysaccharide (O-polysaccharide, OPS) or O-antigen. The O-antigen is the most variable portion of the LPS and provides serological specificity, which is used for bacterial serotyping. The OPS also provides protection to the microorganisms from host defenses such as complement mediated killing and phagocytosis, and is involved in interactions of bacteria with plants and bacteriophages. Studies of the OPSs ranging from the elucidation of their chemical structures and conformations to their biological and physico-chemical properties help improving classification schemes of Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, these studies contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of infectious diseases, as well as provided information to develop novel vaccines and diagnostic reagents.

  Lipopolysaccharide, synthesis, lipopolysaccharides, structure, Bacterial, host, O-antigen, O antigen, cell, O antigens, O-antigens, chemical, interaction, cells, PDF, chemical synthesis, biogenesis

  Publication DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0733-1_3
  Publisher: Springer
  Correspondence: knirel@ioc.ac.ru
  Editors: Knirel YA, Valvano MA
  Institutions: Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  
   
  
  Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O9
  CSDB ID 27631 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4751
  Beczala A, Ovchinnikova OG, Datta N, Mattinen L, Knapska K, Radziejewska-Lebrecht J, Holst O, Skurnik M "Structure and genetic basis of Yersinia similis serotype O:9 O-specific polysaccharide" - Innate Immunity 21(1) (2015) 3-16
  

  The O-polysaccharide (OPS, O-Ag) cap of LPS is a major virulence factor of Yersinia species and also serves as a receptor for the binding of lytic bacteriophage fR1-37. Currently, the OPS-based serotyping scheme for the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex includes 21 known O-serotypes that follow three distinct lineages: Y. pseudotuberculosis sensu stricto, Y. similis and the Korean group of strains. Elucidation of the Y. pseudotuberculosis complex OPS structures and characterization of the OPS genetics (altogether 18 O-serotypes studied thus far) allows a better understanding of the relationships among the various O serotypes and will facilitate the analysis of the evolutionary processes giving rise to new serotypes. Here we present the characterization of the OPS structure and gene cluster of Y. similis O:9. Bacteriophage fR1-37, which uses the Y. similis O:9 OPS as a receptor, also infects a number of Y. enterocolitica serotypes, including O:3, O:5,27, O:9 and O:50. The Y. similis O:9 OPS structure resembled none of the receptor structures of the Y. enterocolitica strains, suggesting that fR1-37 can recognize several surface receptors, thus promoting broad host specificity.

  Lipopolysaccharide, gene cluster, bacteriophage, O-Polysaccharide structure, Yersinia similis

  NCBI PubMed ID: 24361587
  Publication DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.066662-0
  Journal NLM ID: 101469670
  Publisher: Sage Publications
  Correspondence: Mikael.skurnik@helsinki.fi
  Institutions: N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, NMR-2D, DNA sequencing, GC-MS, SDS-PAGE, sugar analysis, 31P NMR, acid hydrolysis, GC, Smith degradation, Western blotting, de-O-acetylation, methanolysis, serological methods, GPC, SEC
  
   
  
  Yersinia similis O9 (R708)
  CSDB ID 30587 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5010
  Kenyon JJ, Cunneen MM, Reeves PR "Genetics and evolution of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O-specific polysaccharides: a novel pattern of O-antigen diversity" - FEMS Microbiology Reviews 41(2) (2017) 200-217
  

  O-antigen polysaccharide is a major immunogenic feature of the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria, and most species produce a large variety of forms that differ substantially from one another. There are 18 known O-antigen forms in the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, which are typical in being composed of multiple copies of a short oligosaccharide called an O unit. The O-antigen gene clusters are located between the hemH and gsk genes, and are atypical as 15 of them are closely related, each having one of five downstream gene modules for alternative main-chain synthesis, and one of seven upstream modules for alternative side-branch sugar synthesis. As a result, many of the genes are in more than one gene cluster. The gene order in each module is such that, in general, the earlier a gene product functions in O-unit synthesis, the closer the gene is to the 5 end for side-branch modules or the 3 end for main-chain modules. We propose a model whereby natural selection could generate the observed pattern in gene order, a pattern that has also been observed in other species.

  Lipopolysaccharide, serotype, O antigen, gene cluster, O-specific polysaccharide, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, O-antigen polysaccharide

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28364730
  Publication DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux002
  Journal NLM ID: 8902526
  Publisher: Oxford University Press
  Correspondence: peter.reeves@sydney.edu.au
  Institutions: School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology. Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
  Methods: function analysis of gene clusters
  
   
  
  Yersinia similis O9
  CSDB ID 12130 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6089
  Knirel YA, Anisimov AP, Kislichkina AA, Kondakova AN, Bystrova OV, Vagaiskaya AS, Shatalin KY, Shashkov AS, Dentovskaya SV "Lipopolysaccharide of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Complex" - Biomolecules 11(10) (2021) 1410
  

  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), localized in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, serves as the major surface component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope responsible for the activation of the host's innate immune system. Variations of the LPS structure utilized by Gram-negative bacteria promote survival by providing resistance to components of the innate immune system and preventing recognition by TLR4. This review summarizes studies of the biosynthesis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex LPSs, and the roles of their structural components in molecular mechanisms of yersiniae pathogenesis and immunogenesis.

  core, Pathogenesis, lipid A, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Yersinia pestis, Plague, pathogenicity factor

  NCBI PubMed ID: 34680043
  Publication DOI: 10.3390/biom11101410
  Journal NLM ID: 101596414
  Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: MDPI
  Correspondence: Y.A. Knirel ; S.V. Dentovskaya
  Institutions: Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
  
   
  
  Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O9
  CSDB ID 9648 (all data & tools)