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1. (Article ID: 10835)
 
Yamazaki M, Hirota K, Chiba K, Mohri T
Promotion of neuronal differentiation of PC12h cells by Natural lignans and iridoids
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 17 (1994) 1604-1608
 

We studied the effect of (+)- and (-)-syringaresinol, (+)-syringaresinol glucosides, syringin, aucubin and catalpol on neurite outgrowth of a cultured cell line of paraneuron, PC12h cells. Of these compounds, (+)-syringaresinol diglucoside and partly glucosidase-hydrolyzed aucubin were found to be the most potent in promotion of the neurite outgrowth and stimulated responses to a high concentration of KCl and to carbachol in the cells, as observed by increase of the concentration of cytosolic free calcium. It is suggested that some of these herb-derived compounds can induce neuronal differentiation in PC12h cells.

PC12 cell, iridoid, lignan, neurite outgrowth, calcium channel

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2. (Article ID: 10850)
 
Shao C, Kasai R, Xu J, Tanaka O
Saponins from leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS., Ciwujia. II. Structures of Ciwujianosides A1, A2, A3, A4 and D3
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37 (1989) 42-45
 

Further investigation of the chemical constituents of the leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS. resulted in the isolation of five new triterpenoid saponins, named ciwujianosides A_1 (1), A_2 (2), A_3 (3), D_3(4) and A_4 (5). The structures of these saponins were elucidated as follows : 1,3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-arabinopyranosyloleanolic acid 28-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopyranosyl ester; 2,3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-arabinopyranosyl-30-norolean-12,20(29)-dien-28-oic acid 28-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopyranosyl ester; 3,3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-arabinopyranosylmesembryanthemoidigenic acid 28-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopyranosyl ester; 4,3-O-α-arabinopyranosylmesembryanthemoidigenic acid 28-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-6-O-acetyl-β-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopyranosyl ester; 5,3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-arabinopyranosylmesembryanthemoidigenic acid 28-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-6-O-acetyl-β-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopyranosyl ester.

araliaceae, saponin, oleanolic acid glycoside, Chinese folk medicine, Acanthopanax senticosus, ciwujianoside, noroleanolic acid glycoside, mesembryanthemoidigenic acid glycoside, ciwujia

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3. (Article ID: 11660)
 
Cui M, Sun W, Song F, Liu Z, Liu S
Multi-stage mass spectrometric studies of triterpenoid saponins in crude extracts from Acanthopanax senticosus Harms
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 13(10) (1999) 873-879
 

Three triterpenoid saponins in crude extracts from Acanthopanax senticosus Harms have been investigated by use of multi-stage mass spectrometry (MS(n)) combined with electrospray ionization (ESI). MS(n) spectra were applied to direct structure elucidation of these saponins in crude plant extracts, in positive and negative ion mode. The characteristic fragmentations of triterpenoid saponins are discussed. The method provides a means of rapid initial screening of crude plant extracts.

triterpenoid saponin, Acanthopanax senticosus, crude extract

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4. (Article ID: 12110)
 
Davydov M, Krikorian AD
Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: a closer look
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72(3) (2000) 345-393
 

The adaptogen concept is examined from an historical, biological, chemical, pharmacological and medical perspective using a wide variety of primary and secondary literature. The definition of an adaptogen first proposed by Soviet scientists in the late 1950s, namely that an adaptogen is any substance that exerts effects on both sick and healthy individuals by 'correcting' any dysfunction(s) without producing unwanted side effects, was used as a point of departure. We attempted to identify critically what an adaptogen supposedly does and to determine whether the word embodies in and of itself any concept(s) acceptable to western conventional (allopathic) medicine. Special attention was paid to the reported pharmacological effects of the 'adaptogen-containing plant' Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae), referred to by some as 'Siberian ginseng', and to its secondary chemical composition. We conclude that so far as specific pharmacological activities are concerned there are a number of valid arguments for equating the action of so-called adaptogens with those of medicinal agents that have activities as anti-oxidants, and/or anti-cancerogenic, immunomodulatory and hypocholesteroletic as well as hypoglycemic and choleretic action. However, 'adaptogens' and 'anti-oxidants' etc. also show significant dissimilarities and these are discussed. Significantly, the classical definition of an adaptogen has much in common with views currently being invoked to describe and explain the 'placebo effect'. Nevertheless, the chemistry of the secondary compounds of Eleutherococcus isolated thus far and their pharmacological effects support our hypothesis that the reported beneficial effects of adaptogens derive from their capacity to exert protective and/or inhibitory action against free radicals. An inventory of the secondary substances contained in Eleutherococcus discloses a potential for a wide range of activities reported from work on cultured cell lines, small laboratory animals and human subjects. Much of the cited work (although not all) has been published in peer-reviewed journals. Six compounds show various levels of activity as anti-oxidants, four show anti-cancer action, three show hypocholesterolemic activity, two show immunostimulatory effects, one has choleretic activity and one has the ability to decrease/moderate insulin levels, one has activity as a radioprotectant, one shows anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities and yet another has shown activity as an antibacterial agent. Some of the compounds show more than one pharmacological effect and some show similar effects although they belong to different chemical classes. Clearly, Eleutherococcus contains pharmacologically active compounds but one wishes that the term adaptogen could be dropped from the literature because it is vague and conveys no insights into the mechanism(s) of action. If a precise action can be attributed to it, then the exact term for said action should obviously be used; if not, we strongly urge that generalities be avoided. Also, comparison of Eleutherococcus with the more familiar Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), 'true ginseng' has underscored that they differ considerably chemically and pharmacologically and cannot be justifiably considered as mutually interchangeable. Accordingly, we recommend that the designation 'Siberian ginseng' be dropped and be replaced with 'Eleutherococcus'. In the case of both Eleutherococcus and true ginseng, problems inherent in herbal preparation use include inconsistencies not only in terms of indications for use, but in the nomenclature of constituent chemical compounds, standardization, dosage and product labeling. Finally, our re-examination and fresh interpretation of the literature on Eleutherococcus and comparison with true ginseng shows that the potential for a scientifically more complete and defensible exploitation of these plants will be better served by investigating and considering them in a context that consciously ignores the fact that the word ‘adaptogen’ was ever invented.

saponins, Panax ginseng, lignans, adaptogen, adaptogenic activity, Eleutherococcus senticosus, anti-cancer agents, anti-oxidants, placebo effect, true ginseng, ‘Siberian ginseng’

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5. (Article ID: 12231)
 
Hibasami H, Fujikawa T, Takeda H, Nishibe S, Satoh T, Fujisawa T, Nakashima K
Induction of apoptosis by Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS and its component, sesamin in human stomach cancer KATO III cells
Oncology Reports 7(6) (2000) 1213-1216
 

Antitumor effect of the stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS (ASH) from Hokkaido (Japanese name: Ezoukogi) on human stomach cancer KATO III cells was investigated. The extract of the stem bark of ASH prepared with hot water was dissolved in distilled water and used for the assay of antitumor effect on the KATO III cells. The exposure of KATO III cells to ASH led to both growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis. Morphological change showing apoptotic bodies was observed in the cells treated with ASH. The fragmentation by ASH of DNA to oligonucleosomal-sized fragments that are characteristics of apoptosis was observed to be concentration- and time-dependent. We have investigated which component in ASH is effective on the induction of apoptosis. Among chlorogenic acid, syringaresinol di-O-β-D glucoside, syringin, and sesamin, components of the n-butanol extract prepared from ASH, sesamin suppressed the growth and induced apoptosis in the cells. These findings suggest that growth inhibition by ASH results from the apoptosis induced by sesamin, a component of ASH.

apoptosis, ASH, Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS, sesamin, growth inhibition, DNA fragmentation, stomach cancer, KATO III cells

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