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1. (Article ID: 203)
 
Vinogradov EV, Duus JO, Brade H, Holst O
The structure of the carbohydrate backbone of the lipopolysaccharide from Acinetobacter baumannii strain ATCC 19606
European Journal of Biochemistry 269(2) (2002) 422-430
 

The chemical structure of the phosphorylated carbohydrate backbone of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Acinetobacter baumannii strain ATCC 19606 was investigated by chemical analysis and NMR spectroscopy of oligosaccharides obtained after deacylation or mild acid hydrolysis. From the combined information the following carbohydrate backbones can be deduced: where R1 = H and R2 = α-Glcp-(1→2)-β-Glcp-(1→4)-β-Glcp-(1→4)-β-Glcp-(1 as major and R1 = Ac and R2 = H as minor products. All monosaccharides are d-configured. Also, smaller oligosaccharide phosphates were identified that are thought to represent degradation products of the above structures

Lipopolysaccharide, Acinetobacter baumannii, NMR spectroscopy, structural analysis, core region

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2. (Article ID: 3946)
 
Silipo A, Molinaro A
The Diversity of the Core Oligosaccharide in Lipopolysaccharides
Book: Endotoxins: Structure, Function and Recognition (series: Subcellular Biochemistry, Part 1) (2010) Vol. 53, Chapter 4, 69-99
 

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They have a structural role since they contribute to the cellular rigidity by increasing the strength of cell wall and mediating contacts with the external environment that can induce structural changes to allow life in different conditions. Furthermore, the low permeability of the outer membrane acts as a barrier to protect bacteria from host-derived antimicrobial compounds. Lipopolysaccharides are amphiphilic macromolecules generally comprising three defined regions distinguished by their genetics, structures and function: the lipid A, the core oligosaccharide and a polysaccharide portion, the O-chain. In some Gram-negative bacteria LPS can terminate with the core portion to form rough type LPS (R-LPS, LOS). The core oligosaccharide is an often branched and phosphorylated heterooligosaccharide with less than fifteen sugars, more conserved in the inner region, proximal to the lipid A, and often carrying non-stoichiometric substitutions leading to variation and micro-heterogeneity. The core oligosaccharide contributes to the bacterial viability and stability of the outer membrane, can assure the serological specificity and possesses antigenic properties.

core oligosaccharide, endotoxin, Gram-negative bacteria, innate immunity, glyco-conjugates

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3. (Article ID: 4689)
 
Kenyon JJ, Nigro SJ, Hall RM
Variation in the OC locus of Acinetobacter baumannii genomes predicts extensive structural diversity in the lipooligosaccharide
PLoS One 9(9) (2014) e107833
 

Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is a complex surface structure that is linked to many pathogenic properties of Acinetobacter baumannii. In A. baumannii, the genes responsible for the synthesis of the outer core (OC) component of the LOS are located between ilvE and aspS. The content of the OC locus is usually variable within a species, and examination of 6 complete and 227 draft A. baumannii genome sequences available in GenBank non-redundant and Whole Genome Shotgun databases revealed nine distinct new types, OCL4-OCL12, in addition to the three known ones. The twelve gene clusters fell into two distinct groups, designated Group A and Group B, based on similarities in the genes present. OCL6 (Group B) was unique in that it included genes for the synthesis of L-Rhamnosep. Genetic exchange of the different configurations between strains has occurred as some OC forms were found in several different sequence types (STs). OCL1 (Group A) was the most widely distributed being present in 18 STs, and OCL6 was found in 16 STs. Variation within clones was also observed, with more than one OC locus type found in the two globally disseminated clones, GC1 and GC2, that include the majority of multiply antibiotic resistant isolates. OCL1 was the most abundant gene cluster in both GC1 and GC2 genomes but GC1 isolates also carried OCL2, OCL3 or OCL5, and OCL3 was also present in GC2. As replacement of the OC locus in the major global clones indicates the presence of sub-lineages, a PCR typing scheme was developed to rapidly distinguish Group A and Group B types, and to distinguish the specific forms found in GC1 and GC2 isolates.

Lipooligosaccharide, LOS, Acinetobacter, Acinetobacter baumannii, gene cluster, database

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4. (Article ID: 4819)
 
Giguere D
Surface polysaccharides from Acinetobacter baumannii: Structures and syntheses
Carbohydrate Research 418 (2015) 29-43
 

The emergence of multidrug-resistance Acinetobacter baumannii requires novel approaches for prevention, treatment and diagnosis. The structures of surface polysaccharides from A. baumannii are valuable tools to understand pathogenesis, virulence and immunogenicity. The synthesis of bacterial mono- or polysaccharides may result in novel probes to become important therapeutic options in the fight against A. baumannii. This report exemplifies the relevance of glycochemistry for the development of new antibiotics.

lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, Acinetobacter, Acinetobacter baumannii, polysaccharide synthesis, surface polysaccharides

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