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1. (Article ID: 204)
 
Vinogradov EV, Brade L, Brade H, Holst O
Structural and serological characterisation of the O-antigenic polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide from Acinetobacter baumannii strain 24
Carbohydrate Research 338(23) (2003) 2751-2756
 

Extraction of dry bacteria of Acinetobacter baumannii strain 24 by phenol-water yielded a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that was studied by serological methods and fatty acid analysis. After immunisation of BALB/c mice with this strain, monoclonal antibody S48-3-13 (IgG(3) isotype) was obtained, which reacted with the LPS in western blot and characterized it as S-form LPS. Degradation of the LPS in aqueous 1% acetic acid followed by GPC gave the O-antigenic polysaccharide, whose structure was determined by compositional analyses and NMR spectroscopy of the polysaccharide and O-deacylated polysaccharide as [carbohydrate structure: see text] where QuiN4N is 2,4-diamino-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose and GalNAcA 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalacturonic acid. The amino group at C-4 of the QuipN4N residues is acetylated in about 2/3 of LPS molecules and (S)-3-hydroxybutyrylated in the rest

Lipopolysaccharide, NMR, LPS, structure, strain, structural, polysaccharide, analysis, group, molecule, O-antigenic, O-antigenic polysaccharide, acid, Acinetobacter, Acinetobacter baumannii, antibodies, antibody, monoclonal, monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibody, mice, NMR spectroscopy, bacteria, serological, spectroscopy, fatty acid, method, degradation, methods, acetylated, amino, amino group, aqueous, extraction, O-deacylated, phenol-water, S-form

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2. (Article ID: 4024)
 
Fregolino E, Gargiulo V, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Holst O, Castro CD
Identification and structural determination of the capsular polysaccharides from two Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, MG1 and SMAL
Carbohydrate Research 346(7) (2011) 973-977
 

The structures of the capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of the two clinical isolates Acinetobacter baumannii SMAL and MG1 were elucidated. Hot phenol/water extractions of the dry biomasses, followed by enzymatic digestions and repeated ultracentrifugations led to the isolation of polysaccharides that were negative in Western blot analysis utilizing an anti-lipid A antibody, thus proving that they were not the LPS O-antigens but CPSs. Their structures were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS analyses. The A. baumannii MG1 CPS consisted of a linear aminopolysaccharide with acyl substitution heterogeneity at the N-4 amino group of QuipN4N: 4)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→4)-α-L-GalpNAcA-(1→3)-β-D-QuipNAc4NR-(1→ R=3-hydroxybutyrryl or acetyl. The repeating unit of the CPS produced by strain SMAL is a pentasaccharide, already reported for the O-antigen moiety from A. baumannii strain ATCC 17961: (formula, see text).

Acinetobacter baumannii, capsular polysaccharide, structural analysis, Western blot

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3. (Article ID: 4329)
 
Knirel YA
Structure of O-antigens
Book: Bacterial lipopolysaccharides: Structure, chemical synthesis, biogenesis and interaction with host cells (2011) Chapter 3, 41-115
 

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major constituent of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Its lipid A moiety is embedded in the membrane and serves as an anchor for the rest of the LPS molecule. The outermost repetitive glycan region of the LPS is linked to the lipid A through a core oligosaccharide (OS), and is designated as the O-specific polysaccharide (O-polysaccharide, OPS) or O-antigen. The O-antigen is the most variable portion of the LPS and provides serological specificity, which is used for bacterial serotyping. The OPS also provides protection to the microorganisms from host defenses such as complement mediated killing and phagocytosis, and is involved in interactions of bacteria with plants and bacteriophages. Studies of the OPSs ranging from the elucidation of their chemical structures and conformations to their biological and physico-chemical properties help improving classification schemes of Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, these studies contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of infectious diseases, as well as provided information to develop novel vaccines and diagnostic reagents.

Lipopolysaccharide, synthesis, lipopolysaccharides, structure, Bacterial, host, O-antigen, O antigen, cell, O antigens, O-antigens, chemical, interaction, cells, PDF, chemical synthesis, biogenesis

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4. (Article ID: 4610)
 
Russo TA, Beanan JM, Olson R, Macdonald U, Cox AD, St Michael F, Vinogradov EV, Spellberg B, Luke-Marshall NR, Campagnari AA
The K1 Capsular Polysaccharide From Acinetobacter baumannii Is a Potential Therapeutic Target Via Passive Immunization
Infection and Immunity 81(3) (2013) 915-922
 

The emergence of extreme and pan-resistant gram-negative bacilli, such as Acinetobacter baumannii requires consideration of non-antimicrobial therapeutic approaches. The goal of this report was to evaluate the K1 capsular polysaccharide from A. baumannii as a passive immunization target. Its structure was determined by a combination of mass spectrometric and NMR techniques. Molecular mimics that might raise the concern for autoimmune disease were not identified. Immunization of CD1 mice demonstrated that the K1 capsule is immunogenic. The monoclonal antibody MAb13D6, which is directed against the K1 capsule from A. baumannii, was used to determine the seroprevalence of the K1 capsule in a collection of 100 A. baumannii strains. Thirteen percent of the A. baumannii isolates from this collection were seroreactive to MAb13D6. Opsonization of K1-positive strains, but not K1-minus strains, with MAb13D6 significantly increased neutrophil-mediated bactericidal activity in vitro (P < 0.05). Lastly, treatment with MAb13D6 three and twenty-four h after bacterial challenge in a rat soft-tissue infection model resulted in a significant decrease in the growth/survival a K1-positive strain compared to a K1-minus strain or to treatment with a vehicle control (P <0.0001). These data support the proof of principle that the K1 capsule is a potential therapeutic target via passive immunization. Other serotypes require assessment and pragmatic challenges exist such as the need to serotype infecting strains and utilize serotype-specific therapy. Nonetheless, this approach may become an important therapeutic option with increasing antimicrobial resistance and a diminishing number of active antimicrobials.

Acinetobacter baumannii, monoclonal antibodies, immunization, serotype-specific, capsular polysaccharid

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5. (Article ID: 4819)
 
Giguere D
Surface polysaccharides from Acinetobacter baumannii: Structures and syntheses
Carbohydrate Research 418 (2015) 29-43
 

The emergence of multidrug-resistance Acinetobacter baumannii requires novel approaches for prevention, treatment and diagnosis. The structures of surface polysaccharides from A. baumannii are valuable tools to understand pathogenesis, virulence and immunogenicity. The synthesis of bacterial mono- or polysaccharides may result in novel probes to become important therapeutic options in the fight against A. baumannii. This report exemplifies the relevance of glycochemistry for the development of new antibiotics.

lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, Acinetobacter, Acinetobacter baumannii, polysaccharide synthesis, surface polysaccharides

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