Taxonomic group: bacteria / Firmicutes
(Phylum: Firmicutes)
Associated disease: infection due to Enterococcus faecalis [ICD11:
XN2H4 
]
NCBI PubMed ID: 36113580Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102488Journal NLM ID: 2985121RPublisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Correspondence: M.P. Chapot-Chartier <marie-pierre.chapot-chartier
inrae.fr>
Institutions: Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
Rhamnose-rich cell wall polysaccharides (Rha-CWPSs) have emerged as crucial cell wall components of numerous Gram-positive, ovoid-shaped bacteria-including streptococci, enterococci, and lactococci-of which many are of clinical or biotechnological importance. Rha-CWPS are composed of a conserved polyrhamnose backbone with side-chain substituents of variable size and structure. Because these substituents contain phosphate groups, Rha-CWPS can also be classified as polyanionic glycopolymers, similar to wall teichoic acids, of which they appear to be functional homologs. Recent advances have highlighted the critical role of these side-chain substituents in bacterial cell growth and division, as well as in specific interactions between bacteria and infecting bacteriophages or eukaryotic hosts. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the structure and biosynthesis of Rha-CWPS in several ovoid-shaped bacterial species. We emphasize the role played by multicomponent transmembrane glycosylation systems in the addition of side-chain substituents of various sizes as extracytoplasmic modifications of the polyrhamnose backbone. We provide an overview of the contribution of Rha-CWPS to cell wall architecture and biogenesis and discuss current hypotheses regarding their importance in the cell division process. Finally, we sum up the critical roles that Rha-CWPS can play as bacteriophage receptors or in escaping host defenses, roles that are mediated mainly through their side-chain substituents. From an applied perspective, increased knowledge of Rha-CWPS can lead to advancements in strategies for preventing phage infection of lactococci and streptococci in food fermentation and for combating pathogenic streptococci and enterococci.
polysaccharide, cell wall, rhamnose, teichoic acid, bacteriophage, rhamnan, gram-positive bacteria, antibiotic development, multicomponent glycosylation system, ovoid-shaped, T-C fold glycosyltransferase
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Location inside paper: Fig. 1, E. faecalis V583
Trivial name: rhamnan backbone
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen, cell wall polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_133754,IEDB_136105,IEDB_144825,IEDB_225177,IEDB_885823
Comments, role: review; published polymerization frame was shifted for conformity with other records
NCBI Taxonomy refs (TaxIDs): 226185Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G16714HO, GlycomeDB:
25046
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There is only one chemically distinct structure:
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(previously named: Streptococcus faecalis V583)