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1. (Article ID: 4024)
 
Fregolino E, Gargiulo V, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Holst O, Castro CD
Identification and structural determination of the capsular polysaccharides from two Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, MG1 and SMAL
Carbohydrate Research 346(7) (2011) 973-977
 

The structures of the capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of the two clinical isolates Acinetobacter baumannii SMAL and MG1 were elucidated. Hot phenol/water extractions of the dry biomasses, followed by enzymatic digestions and repeated ultracentrifugations led to the isolation of polysaccharides that were negative in Western blot analysis utilizing an anti-lipid A antibody, thus proving that they were not the LPS O-antigens but CPSs. Their structures were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS analyses. The A. baumannii MG1 CPS consisted of a linear aminopolysaccharide with acyl substitution heterogeneity at the N-4 amino group of QuipN4N: 4)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→4)-α-L-GalpNAcA-(1→3)-β-D-QuipNAc4NR-(1→ R=3-hydroxybutyrryl or acetyl. The repeating unit of the CPS produced by strain SMAL is a pentasaccharide, already reported for the O-antigen moiety from A. baumannii strain ATCC 17961: (formula, see text).

Acinetobacter baumannii, capsular polysaccharide, structural analysis, Western blot

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2. (Article ID: 4427)
 
Fregolino E, Fugazza G, Galano E, Gargiulo V, Landini P, Lanzetta R, Lindner B, Pagani L, Parrilli M, Holst O, De Castro C
Complete Lipooligosaccharide Structure of the Clinical Isolate Acinetobacter baumannii, Strain SMAL
European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2010(7) (2010) 1345-1352
 

Acinetobacter baumannii is a pathogenic organism that posesses a serious health threat because of the occurrence of the large number of (multi)drug-resistant strains. It can persist for prolonged periods in the hospital environment, infecting debilitated or immune-compromised patients. In this context, the endotoxin portion of the lipopolysaccharide, the lipid A, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this bacterium, because it triggers the innate immune response and contributes to the inflammation state of the patient. In this study, the complete structure of the lipooligosaccharide has been determined. The saccharide backbone of the molecule was disclosed through chemical and spectroscopic analysis, whereas the lipid A moiety required detailed MS spectrometry and chemical investigations. The oligosaccharide backbone was found to be similar to that of A. baumannii ATCC 19606, although the LOS from the SMAL strain presented an enhanced zwitterionic character. The lipid A moiety comprises a heterogeneous and complex mixture of molecules: it possesses a conserved diphosphorylated disaccharide backbone substituted by three to seven fatty acids. The hexaacylated species appeared as the most abundant, and its chemical features, namely the number and the types of fatty acids, indicates its potential endotoxic activity.

Acinetobacter baumannii, NMR spectroscopy, structure elucidation, mass spectrometry, glycolipids

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3. (Article ID: 4689)
 
Kenyon JJ, Nigro SJ, Hall RM
Variation in the OC locus of Acinetobacter baumannii genomes predicts extensive structural diversity in the lipooligosaccharide
PLoS One 9(9) (2014) e107833
 

Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is a complex surface structure that is linked to many pathogenic properties of Acinetobacter baumannii. In A. baumannii, the genes responsible for the synthesis of the outer core (OC) component of the LOS are located between ilvE and aspS. The content of the OC locus is usually variable within a species, and examination of 6 complete and 227 draft A. baumannii genome sequences available in GenBank non-redundant and Whole Genome Shotgun databases revealed nine distinct new types, OCL4-OCL12, in addition to the three known ones. The twelve gene clusters fell into two distinct groups, designated Group A and Group B, based on similarities in the genes present. OCL6 (Group B) was unique in that it included genes for the synthesis of L-Rhamnosep. Genetic exchange of the different configurations between strains has occurred as some OC forms were found in several different sequence types (STs). OCL1 (Group A) was the most widely distributed being present in 18 STs, and OCL6 was found in 16 STs. Variation within clones was also observed, with more than one OC locus type found in the two globally disseminated clones, GC1 and GC2, that include the majority of multiply antibiotic resistant isolates. OCL1 was the most abundant gene cluster in both GC1 and GC2 genomes but GC1 isolates also carried OCL2, OCL3 or OCL5, and OCL3 was also present in GC2. As replacement of the OC locus in the major global clones indicates the presence of sub-lineages, a PCR typing scheme was developed to rapidly distinguish Group A and Group B types, and to distinguish the specific forms found in GC1 and GC2 isolates.

Lipooligosaccharide, LOS, Acinetobacter, Acinetobacter baumannii, gene cluster, database

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4. (Article ID: 4748)
 
Arbatsky NP, Shneider MM, Kenyon JJ, Shashkov AS, Popova AV, Miroshnikov KA, Volozhantsev NV, Knirel YA
Structure of the neutral capsular polysaccharide of Acinetobacter baumannii NIPH146 that carries the KL37 capsule gene cluster
Carbohydrate Research 413 (2015) 12-15
 

Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) was isolated from Acinetobacter baumannii NIPH146, and the following structure of branched pentasaccharide repeating unit was established by sugar analyses along with 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy: In comparison to most other known capsular polysaccharides of A. baumannii, the CPS studied is neutral and lacks any specific monosaccharide component. The synthesis, assembly and export of this structure could be attributed to genes in a novel capsule biosynthesis gene cluster, designated KL37, which was found in the NIPH146 genome. The CPS of A. baumannii NIPH146 shares the α-d-Galp-(1→6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-d-GalpNAc-(1→ trisaccharide fragment with the CPS units of several A. baumannii strains, including ATCC 17978 and LUH 5537 that carry the KL3 and KL22 gene clusters, respectively. KL37 contains two genes for glycosyltransferases that are related to two glycosyltransferase genes present in both KL3 and KL22, and the encoded proteins could be tentatively assigned to linkages between sugars in the CPS repeat.

Acinetobacter baumannii, capsular polysaccharide structure, glycosyltransferase, K locus, KL37 gene cluster

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5. (Article ID: 4819)
 
Giguere D
Surface polysaccharides from Acinetobacter baumannii: Structures and syntheses
Carbohydrate Research 418 (2015) 29-43
 

The emergence of multidrug-resistance Acinetobacter baumannii requires novel approaches for prevention, treatment and diagnosis. The structures of surface polysaccharides from A. baumannii are valuable tools to understand pathogenesis, virulence and immunogenicity. The synthesis of bacterial mono- or polysaccharides may result in novel probes to become important therapeutic options in the fight against A. baumannii. This report exemplifies the relevance of glycochemistry for the development of new antibiotics.

lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, Acinetobacter, Acinetobacter baumannii, polysaccharide synthesis, surface polysaccharides

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6. (Article ID: 5056)
 
Yang FL, Lou TC, Kuo SC, Wu WL, Chern J, Lee YT, Chen ST, Zou W, Lin NT, Wu SH
A medically relevant capsular polysaccharide in Acinetobacter baumannii is a potential vaccine candidate
Vaccine 35(10) (2017) 1440-1447
 

Concerns of Acinetobacter baumannii infection have increased due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance. In the present study, we determined the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) structure of A. baumannii SK44, a clinical isolate from Taiwan, to consist of pentasaccharide repeats. We found that CPS-induced antibody provided 55% protection against challenge in an animal model. The CPS-specific antibody reacted with the surface components of about 62% clinical isolates (342/554 strains) from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies by dot-immunoassay. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of positive strains showed the antibody covered different clonalites of A. baumannii clinical isolates. Meanwhile, using the CPS antibody as a probe, we found a number of outer membrane proteins bound to the antibody, including OmpA/motB, TonB-dependent receptor, and Omp38, indicating their association with CPS. These results might lead to the use of the capsular polysaccharide as a vaccine to prevent A. baumannii infection.

Acinetobacter baumannii, capsular polysaccharide, Clinic population distribution, Passive immunity

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