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1. (Article ID: 4329)
 
Knirel YA
Structure of O-antigens
Book: Bacterial lipopolysaccharides: Structure, chemical synthesis, biogenesis and interaction with host cells (2011) Chapter 3, 41-115
 

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major constituent of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Its lipid A moiety is embedded in the membrane and serves as an anchor for the rest of the LPS molecule. The outermost repetitive glycan region of the LPS is linked to the lipid A through a core oligosaccharide (OS), and is designated as the O-specific polysaccharide (O-polysaccharide, OPS) or O-antigen. The O-antigen is the most variable portion of the LPS and provides serological specificity, which is used for bacterial serotyping. The OPS also provides protection to the microorganisms from host defenses such as complement mediated killing and phagocytosis, and is involved in interactions of bacteria with plants and bacteriophages. Studies of the OPSs ranging from the elucidation of their chemical structures and conformations to their biological and physico-chemical properties help improving classification schemes of Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, these studies contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of infectious diseases, as well as provided information to develop novel vaccines and diagnostic reagents.

Lipopolysaccharide, synthesis, lipopolysaccharides, structure, Bacterial, host, O-antigen, O antigen, cell, O antigens, O-antigens, chemical, interaction, cells, PDF, chemical synthesis, biogenesis

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2. (Article ID: 9135)
 
Sánchez-Martínez MJ, Soto-Jover S, Antolinos V, Martínez-Hernández GB, López-Gómez A
Manufacturing of short-chain fructooligosaccharides: from laboratory to industrial scale
Food Engineering Reviews 12 (2020) 149–172
 

Short-chain fructooligosaccharides (ScFOS) are a group of linear fructose oligomers that include 1-kestose, 1-nystose and 1-β-fructofuranosylnystose. ScFOS, which naturally occur at low levels in different plant products, are of high interest as food ingredients because of their prebiotic character, organoleptic characteristics and technological properties. Two different industrial processes are used to achieve large-scale ScFOS production: inulin hydrolysis (enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis) or sucrose biotransformation by transfructosylation (enzymatic synthesis) using specific enzymes like fructosyltransferases and fructofuranosidases. Enzymatic ScFOS synthesis seems to be more advantageous than inulin hydrolysis since it is less expensive, and leads to lower molecular weight FOS. The biotechnological process described to carry out this catalysis includes the production of transfructosylation enzymes, separation, enzyme immobilisation and finally the ScFOS production and purification. Such ScFOS production processes may be conducted under submerged or solid-state fermentation under discontinuous or continuous conditions. Several methodologies with different economic/environmental costs and production yields have been described to carry out these ScFOS production stages, although industrial scale-up needs to be optimised. This review tries to address a revision about enzymatic ScFOS production methods and its scale-up to industrial levels.

submerged fermentation, short-chain fructooligosaccharides, fungal fructosyltransferase, industrial scale-up

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