Taxonomic group: fungi /
Organ / tissue: cell wall
NCBI PubMed ID: 28251581Publication DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8600-0Journal NLM ID: 504368Publisher: Totowa, NJ: Humana Press
Correspondence: Charles.delacruz
yale.edu
Institutions: Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
Chitin, a potential allergy-promoting pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), is a linear polymer composed of N-acetylglucosamine residues which are linked by β-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds. Mammalians are potential hosts for chitin-containing protozoa, fungi, arthropods, and nematodes; however, mammalians themselves do not synthetize chitin and thus it is considered as a potential target for recognition by mammalian immune system. Chitin is sensed primarily in the lungs or gut where it activates a variety of innate (eosinophils, macrophages) and adaptive immune cells (IL-4/IL-13 expressing T helper type-2 lymphocytes). Chitin induces cytokine production, leukocyte recruitment, and alternative macrophage activation. Intranasal or intraperitoneal administration of chitin (varying in size, degree of acetylation and purity) to mice has been applied as a routine approach to investigate chitin's priming effects on innate and adaptive immunity. Structural chitin present in microorganisms is actively degraded by host true chitinases, including acidic mammalian chitinases and chitotriosidase into smaller fragments that can be sensed by mammalian receptors such as FIBCD1, NKR-P1, and RegIIIc. Immune recognition of chitin also involves pattern recognition receptors, mainly via TLR-2 and Dectin-1, to activate immune cells to induce cytokine production and creation of an immune network that results in inflammatory and allergic responses. In this review, we will focus on various immunological aspects of the interaction between chitin and host immune system such as sensing, interactions with immune cells, chitinases as chitin degrading enzymes, and immunologic applications of chitin.
immune system, innate immunity, chitin, adaptive immunity, chitinase
Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Location inside paper: p. 213, Introduction
Trivial name: chitin
Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide, glucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135813,IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531,IEDB_153212,IEDB_241099,IEDB_423114,IEDB_423150,SB_74,SB_85
Biological activity: functions as PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern), possess immunostimulating properties in mammals and plants; binds to Dectin-1, RegIIIγ, RIBCD1, NKR-P1 in mammals; CERK1 and CEBiP in plants; 40-70 μm fragments are able to stimulate TNF-α production through a phagocytosis-independent mechanism; induction of cytokine production; increases epithelial cells to induce type 2 innate lymphoid cells to secrete IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines; intranasal administration into the lung activated alveolar macrophages to induce the expression of cytokines including IL-12 tumor nectosis factor TNF-α and IL-18, resulting in INF-γ production by NK cells; macrophages express alternatively activated phenotype or M2 markers, characterized by Arg1, Ym1, Fizz1, mannose receptor, production of IL-10, and chemokines such as CCL17 and CCL24 and leukotriene B4; induces the secretion of CXCL8, IL-6, and TSLP in a dose-dependent fashion in HaCaT and HEK keratinocyte cell lines; mannose receptor, NOD2 and TLR9 to recognize chitin and participate in mediating an anti-inflammatory response through the secretion of the cytokine IL-10; activates complement system
Enzymes that release or process the structure: chitin synthase, Chit1, AMCase
Comments, role: can be used in drug delivery
Related record ID(s): 48634, 48636, 48650, 48651, 48652, 48689, 48691, 48694, 48715, 48752, 48757, 48765, 48769, 48785, 48794, 48795, 48801, 48804, 48828, 48853, 48859, 48872, 48900, 48901, 48902, 48984
NCBI Taxonomy refs (TaxIDs): 4751Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G97099AY
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