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The carbohydrate-binding specificity of an α-D-mannose-specific lectin isolated from leaves of the orchid twayblade (Listera ovata) was elucidated by quantitative precipitation of mannose-containing polysaccharides and glycoproteins, hapten inhibition, and affinity chromatography on the immobilized lectin. L. ovata agglutinin (LOA) interacted with various α-mannans and galactomannans of yeasts, fungi and bacteria, but not with α-glucans, e.g., dextran and glycogen, as do mannose/glucose-binding lectins. This lectin, LOA, appears to be highly specific for α 1-3 mannosidic linkages. It reacted with a linear α 1-3-mannan (D. P. 15) and, surprisingly, even with a linear α 1-3-mannoheptasaccharide. The LOA/C. tropicalis mannan precipitation reaction was inhibited by α-linked mannooligosaccharides, in the order, α 1-3 > α 1-6 > α 1-2 linkages; α 1-3 [Man]4 and [Man]5 were the best inhibitors among various mannooligosaccharides tested, having 7-times greater potency than α 1-3 [Man]2, and 18-times that of methyl, α-mannoside. LOA/mannan interaction was also inhibited by periodate-oxidized and reduced α 1-3 [Man]5 which had an inhibitory potency similar to that of α 1-3 [Man]3, confirming that LOA also recognizes the internal α 1-3-mannosidic linkages of carbohydrate chains. Complete resolution of mannan and glycogen from yeast cells, by affinity chromatography on an immobilized LOA column, and retention of several high-mannose-glycoproteins suggest this lectin to be a useful tool for purification and structural investigation of α-mannosyl-containing polysaccharides and glycoconjugates.
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Tremella sp. is a yeast-like fungus from which polysaccharides can be isolated from either the yeast or the fungus phase, depending on the species. All of the polymers synthesized by these organisms consist of a mannan backbone to which small xylose side chains and glucuronic acid are attached. The main interest in these glucuronoxylomannans is their application in medicine to enhance the immune system.
Tremella mesenterica, Glucuronoxylomannan, hypoglycemic, immuno-modulatory, Tremella aurantia, Tremella fuciformis, yeast polysaccharides
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Acidic heteropolysaccharides, D-glucurono-D-xylo-D-mannans were isolated from the water- and alkaline extracts of the fruit body of Tremella fuciformis Berk. Similar polysaccharides were isolated from the growing culture of the haploid cells of two strains (T-19 and T-7) of T. fuciformis, when they were cultured in sucrose or glucose-yeast extract medium. The extracellular polysaccharides contain, D-glucuronic acid, D-xylose and D-mannose [molar ratios, 1.3: 1.0: 3.5 (T-7) and 0.8: 1.0: 2.1 (T-19)], and, in addition, small proportions of l- fucose and O-acetyl groups. Méthylation and Smith degradation studies indicated that both fruit body and extracellular polysaccharides are built up of α-(l→3)-linked D-mannan backbone chain to which β-linked D-glucuronic acid and single or short chains of β-(1→2)-linked D-xylose residues are attached at the C-2 position. L-fucose residues in the extracellular polysaccharides may form the single branches. The structural features of these polysaccharides are discussed in comparison with the similar polysaccharides from other fungi.
polysaccharide, Glucuronoxylomannan, Tremella fuciformis
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The locations of O-acetyl groups in the acidic polysaccharides AC and BC isolated from the fruit bodies of Tremella fuciformis Berk were determined by employing an improved procedure. The results indicated that the O-acetyl groups in AC and BC are located at positions 4, 6, and both 4 and 6 of a part of the mannose residues, and at positions 2, 4, and both 2 and 4 of a part of the glucuronic acid residues. AC and BC differ significantly in that the amount of the O-acetyl groups linked to the mannose residues in BC was higher than that in AC. Our improved procedure should be widely applicable for determining the locations of O-acyl groups on acidic polysaccharides.
polysaccharide, β-elimination, location of O-acetyl groups, O-acetyl groups on glucuronic acid residues, reduction and methylation analysis, structural features of acidic polysaccharides, Tremella fuciformis Berk
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The body of tremella were decocted with water, and hydrolyzed with 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid for different times, giving tremella polysaccharides with six molecular mass values. The structures of all the tremella polysaccharides had non-reducing terminals of β-D-pyranglucuronide, the backbone was composed of (1→3)-linked β-D-mannopyranoside, and the side chain composed of (1→6)-linked β-D-xylopyranoside was attached to the C2 of the backbone mannopyranoside. Immunomodulatory effect studies indicated that tremella polysaccharides increased the counts of leukocytes in the peripheral blood which were significantly lowered by cyclophosphamide, and the lower the molecular mass of the tremella polysaccharide, the better this effect was.
hydrolysis, molecular mass, cyclophosphamide-induced leucopenia, Tremella polysaccharide
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The title compound, C12H22O11·2H2O {systematic name: 6,6'-oxybis[2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetra-hydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol] dihydrate}, is a disaccharide, which was isolated from Tremella fuciformis. The molecule contains two six-membered rings, both of which adopt a chair conformation. Extensive O-H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonds occur in the crystal structure
Trehalose, Tremella fuciformis, single-crystal X-ray study
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A possible chain conformation of the acidic heteropolysaccharide isolated from the fruit body of Tremella fuciformis Berk (Shirokikurage) was proposed by the X-ray diffraction study combined with the computational model building technique. The polysaccharide consists of a linear backbone of 1,3-linked α-D-mannose which is highly substituted with β-D-xylose, β-D-glucuronic acid, and 1,2-linked β-D-xylobiose units at the C2 position of the mannose residue. It was suggested from the X-ray data, together with the knowledge of the chain conformations proposed for other 1,3-linked α-D-glycans, that the backbone conformation has the left-handed, three-fold helical symmetry. Orientations of the side group residues on the mannan backbone were suggested from the theoretical calculations. The proposed conformation of a repeating unit of the helical model consisted of six mannose residues and three side group residues in the 2.42 nm distance along the fiber axis. Two interresidue hydrogen bonds were observed over each 1,2-linkage between the mannose residue and the side group residue, while no hydrogen bond was observed over the backbone linkage.
conformation, X-ray diffraction, Glucuronoxylomannan, Tremella fuciformis
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Tremella fuciformis Berk, a popular nutritious mushroom in China, has attracted increasing attention due to its various bioactivities. In the present work, T. fuciformis polysaccharides (TP) were extracted with hot water. It mainly consisted of mannose, as well as 10.77% (w/w) uronic acid. In additional, the anti-photoaging effects of TP were evaluated using a 30-day UV-irradiated animal assay. TP could efficiently reduce the water and collagen losses of the skin, and inhibit the increase of glycosaminoglycans. Moreover, a histopathological study showed that, UV-induced skin structural alterations were alleviated as well as repairing endogenous collagen breakdown and maintaining the ratio of type I/III collagen, after oral treatment of TP. The activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT were increased compared to the irradiated control group without treatment. Accordingly, TP can be used as a potential functional food supplement for skin function protection.
polysaccharides, Antioxidant activity, Tremella fuciformis, photoaging, skin protection
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Tremella fuciformis is an edible medicinal mushroom well known as "Yiner" or "Baimuer" in China and has been used as a Chinese herb for many years. T. fuciformis polysaccharide (TFPS) has been identified as a major bioactive component. Different experimental conditions can obtain different TFPS fractions, which makes TFPS a mixture of different polysaccharides with the molecular weight ranging from 582000 Da to 3740000 Da. The monosaccharides detected in TFPS include mannose, xylose, fucose, glucuronic acid, glucose, and galactose. One characterized TFPS chemical structure consists of a linear (1→3)-linked α-D-mannose backbone with highly branched β-D-xylose, α-D-fucose and β-D-glucuronic acid as the side chains. TFPS shows multiple physiological and healthy promoting effects including immunomodulation, antitumor, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, neuroprotection, and other effects. As a result, "Tremella Polysaccharide Enteric-coated Capsules" was approved by Chinese Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) in 2002 for treating cancer patients with leukopenia induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It is also used as adjuvant drug for treating chronic persistent hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis. In this chapter, 113 independent studies involving in biochemical, pharmacological, and clinical studies of TFPS during the past 46 years (1972-2018) on the base of PubMed, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and Wanfang database search are summarized. TFPS shows efficacy for all types of human diseases in the reported clinical studies. The structure, molecular mechanisms of the immunomodulation, antitumor, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, preclinical and clinical efficacy are discussed to provide a general picture of TFPS as a clinically used drug.
polysaccharide, Tremella fuciformis, biological response modifier, cancers, chronic active hepatitis, chronic persistent hepatitis, leukopenia, Tremella polysaccharide enteric-coated capsules
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The Tremella fuciformis Berk polysaccharides (TP) have significant cytokine-stimulating activity and low oral bioavailability owing to their large molecular volume. Identifying and studying the smallest active structure of TP can potentially be beneficial for further utilization and research, therefore, TP was hydrolyzed and fractionated to obtain its (1→3)-mannan backbone fragments. The fragments were further isolated by ion-exchange resin, ultrafiltration, gel, and HPLC chromatography, and three oligosaccharide fractions, named TL4-1, TL4-2, TL4-3, were obtained. According to the determination of their physicochemical properties, they were composed of Man, and after methylation analysis they were mainly characterized as (1→3)-mannan oligosaccharides with a straight chain. TL4-1 contained di-, trisaccharides, TL4-2 included tetra-, penta-saccharides, and TL4-3 was made up of hex-, hepta-, octa-saccharides, according to LC-ESI/MS analysis. Cytokine stimulation experiments showed that the degree of polymerization (DP) should be more than six to maintain the activity of mannosan. Therefore, the smallest active unit of oligo-mannose was determined. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This paper reports the physical and chemical parameters, structure and biological potential of oligosaccharides from T. fuciformis Berk, a common edible fungus. Tremella has been used as an improving immunity drug in China with good effect. Oligosaccharides are more easily digested and utilized by human body, and maintain good activity. These results can increase people's interest in the product, and thus have a positive impact on the oligosaccharides of Tremella as health food.
structure, cytokine-stimulating activity, the smallest active unit, Tremella oligosaccharide
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Aimed to evaluate the changes of three soluble dietary fibers from Lentinula edodes by-products (LESDF) with different molecular weights in the digestive system and their effects on large intestinal fermentation, fermentation products and the types of gut microbiota were determined. The 1D/2D NMR results showed that main form of glucose in LESDF-1 was methyl glycopyranosides and LESDF-3 had distinct branching structures in possible repetitive unit. LESDF-2 showed the beneficial fermentation performance with the slower changes of total carbohydrate consumption and highest production of propionic acid and butyric acid. Results suggested that branched chain structure could increase the consumption rate of LESDF, but not affect the concentration of total SCFAs produced. LESDF-3 was found to promote the production of Bacteroides, which indicated LESDF was one of the nutritional components with the influence on the composition and relative abundance of intestinal microbial community.
fermentation, gut microbiota, Lentinula edodes, soluble dietary fiber, sructure characterization
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The edible fungus Tremella fuciformis was shown to have a high molecular weight (1.87 × 103 kDa) bioactive polysaccharide, denoted as TFP-F1. Monosaccharide composition and NMR analysis of the polysaccharide and its derivatives indicated it contained fucose (Fucp), xylose (Xylp), mannose (Manp), and glucuronic acid (GlcAp) in a ratio of 0.9:1.0:3.2:1.2. Using IR, NMR, and GC-MS spectroscopic data, the structure of TFP-F1 was elucidated as {→3)-[β-D-GlcAp-(1→2)]-α-D-Manp-(1→3)-α-D-Manp-(1→3)-[α-L-Fucp-(1→2)-β-D-Xylp-(1→2)]-α-D-Manp-(1→}n, with partial acetylation of C6-OH in mannoses. Furthermore, at a concentration of 1 μg/mL, TFP-F1 was found to stimulate the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in J774A.1 macrophage cells in vitro via interaction with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The removal of O-acetyl groups led to the loss of immunomodulatory activities, demonstrating that O-acetyl groups play an essential role in enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
polysaccharide, structure elucidation, acetylation, Toll-like receptor 4, Tremella fuciformis, immunomodulatory activities
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Characteristic features of polysaccharide derived from fungi (Tremella fuciformis), which are believed to have medical attributes for longevity, were investigated from the viewpoint of water interaction properties. Phase transition behaviour of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFP) in the presence of water in a range from 0 to 2.5 (mass of water / mass of dry sample, g/g) was measured by differential scanning calorimetry in a temperature range from 123 to 281K. Four transitions, i.e., glass transition, cold crystallization, melting and endotherm at a temperature higher than melting were detected. Furthermore, bound water content of the TFP was evaluated from the enthalpy of melting. From these results were obtained that non-freezing water content of TFP is similar to that of hyaluronan and larger than those of ordinal water-soluble polysaccharides. It is suggested that the chemical structure of TFP with dense placement of the hydroxyl groups is attributed to the above characteristic water binding
Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide, bound water, glass transition, non-freezing water
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