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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: cepacian
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_130701,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_1394181,IEDB_140630,IEDB_141794,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144983,IEDB_146664,IEDB_151528,IEDB_152206,IEDB_190606,IEDB_983930,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_44,SB_67,SB_7,SB_72,SB_88

• Article ID: 300
  Lagatolla C, Skerlavaj S, Dolzani L, Tonin EA, Monti BC, Bosco M, Rizzo R, Giglio L, Cescutti P "Microbiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia isolates from cystic fibrosis patients: investigation of the exopolysaccharides produced" - FEMS Microbiology Letters 209(1) (2002) 95-102
  

  Eleven strains of Burkholderia cepacia were isolated directly from clinical specimens: 10 from sputum of cystic fibrosis patients, and one from a vaginal swab. They were biochemically identified using API20NE and confirmed by a PCR-based assay. The genomovar characterisation obtained by specific PCR amplification revealed seven strains belonging to genomovar I, three belonging to genomovar IIIA and one belonging to genomovar IV. All isolates were also typed by ribotyping and random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis. Some of the characterised strains were examined for the ability to produce exopolysaccharides, with the aim of correlating the genomovar with the exopolysaccharide structure. The polysaccharides were analysed by means of methylation analysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy in order to determine structural similarities. It was shown that different strains are capable of producing chemically different polysaccharides.

  Burkholderia, Burkholderia cepacia, Molecular Sequence Data, polysaccharides, adolescence, bacterial typing techniques, pneumonia

  NCBI PubMed ID: 12007661
  Journal NLM ID: 7705721
  Publisher: Blackwell Publishing
  Correspondence: cescutti@bbcm.univ.trieste.it (P. Cescutti)
  Institutions: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita di Trieste, via Fleming 22, I-34127 Trieste, Italy, Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Universita di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy, POLY-tech Scarl, Area di Ricerca, Padriciano 99, I-34012 Trieste, Italy, Centro di Fibrosi Cistica, IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, via dell'Istria 65/1, I-34012 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: 1H NMR, methylation, PCR, DNA techniques, GLC
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia BTS7
  CSDB ID 7433 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 761
  Cescutti P, Bosco M, Picotti F, Impallomeni G, Leitão JH, Richau JA, Sá-Correia I "Structural study of the exopolysaccharide produced by a clinical isolate of Burkholderia cepacia" - Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 273(3) (2000) 1088-1094
  

  The primary structure of the exopolysaccharide produced by a clinical isolate of the bacterium Burkholderia cepacia was studied by means of methylation analysis, selective degradation, NMR spectroscopy, and electrospray mass spectrometry. The resulting data showed that the parent repeating unit of the exopolysaccharide is a highly branched heptasaccharide with the following structure: Two acetyl groups are present per repeating unit, as noncarbohydrate substituents.

  NMR, structure, clinical, isolate, structural, Burkholderia, Burkholderia cepacia, exopolysaccharide, mass spectrometry, structural studies, cystic fibrosis, exo-polysaccharide

  NCBI PubMed ID: 10891376
  Journal NLM ID: 0372516
  Publisher: Academic Press
  Correspondence: cescutti@bbcm.univ.trieste.it
  Institutions: Dipartimento BBCM, Universita` di Trieste, Trieste, Italy, POLY-tech Scarl, Trieste, Italy, ICTMP, CNR, Catania, Italy, Instituto Superior Te`cnico, Centro de Engenharia Biolo?gica e Quimica,Lisbon, Portugal
  Methods: methylation, NMR, ESI-MS, selective degradation
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia IST408
  CSDB ID 1207 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 765
  Cérantola S, Lemassu-Jacquier A, Montrozier H "Structural elucidation of a novel exopolysaccharide produced by a mucoid clinical isolate of Burkholderia cepacia - Characterization of a trisubstituted glucuronic acid residue in a heptasaccharide repeating unit" - European Journal of Biochemistry 260(2) (1999) 373-383
  

  The structure of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by a clinical isolate of Burkholderia cepacia isolated from a patient with fibrocystic lung disease has been investigated. By means of methylation analyses, carboxyl reduction, partial depolymerization by fuming HCl and chemical degradations such as Smith degradation, lithiumethylenediamine degradation and beta-elimination, supported by GC/MS and NMR spectroscopic analyses, the repeat unit of the EPS has been identified and was shown to correspond to the acidic branched heptasaccharide with the following structure: [formula: see text]. This partially acetylated acidic polymer, distinguished by the presence of the less usual D-isomer of rhamnose and of a trisubstituted glucuronic acid residue, could represent the main EPS produced by this bacterial species.

  clinical, isolate, structural, characterization, Burkholderia, Burkholderia cepacia, repeating unit, acid, NMR spectroscopy, exopolysaccharide, elucidation, heptasaccharide repeating unit, glucuronic acid, cystic fibrosis, lithium degradation, acidic exopolysaccharide, mucoid, heptasaccharide

  NCBI PubMed ID: 10095771
  Journal NLM ID: 0107600
  Publisher: Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies
  Correspondence: cerant@ipbs.fr
  Institutions: Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS, Toulouse, France
  Methods: methylation, NMR-2D, NMR, sugar analysis, carboxyl reduction, b-elimination, Smith degradation, de-O-acetylation, Li/ethylenediamine degradation, partial depolymerization
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia
  CSDB ID 1211 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 937
  Linker A, Evans LR, Impallomeni G "The structure of a polysaccharide from infectious strains of Burkholderia cepacia" - Carbohydrate Research 335(1) (2001) 45-54
  

  The structure of an acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS) from eight strains of Burkholderia cepacia has been investigated by methylation and sugar analysis, periodate oxidation-Smith degradation, and partial acid-hydrolysis. An enzyme preparation obtained from the same organisms producing the EPS was also used to depolymerize the polysaccharide. Detailed NMR studies of the chemical and enzymatic degradation products showed that this EPS consists of a highly branched heptasaccharide-repeating unit with the following structure: [see structure in text]. About three O-acetyl groups per repeating unit are present at undetermined positions.

  NMR, structure, strain, polysaccharide, Burkholderia, Burkholderia cepacia, exopolysaccharide, Infectious, assignments, enzymatic degradation, opportunistic pathogen

  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Veterans Affairs (VA), Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Boulevard (151E), Salt Lake City, UT 84124, USA, Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA, Istituto per la Chimica e la Tecnologia dei Materiali Polimerici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Viale A. Doria 6, I- 95125 Catania, Italy
  Methods: methylation, periodate oxidation, NMR-2D, partial acid hydrolysis, NMR, sugar analysis, Smith degradation, enzymatic depolymerization
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia 542, Burkholderia cepacia 88A3019, Burkholderia cepacia 382, Burkholderia cepacia ATCC249, Burkholderia cepacia ATCC13945, Burkholderia cepacia ATCC25416, Burkholderia cepacia ATCC25609, Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 27515
  CSDB ID 3154 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 1141
  Richau JA, Leitão JH, Sá-Correia I "Enzymes leading to the nucleotide sugar precursors for exopolysaccharide synthesis in Burkholderia cepacia" - Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 276(1) (2000) 71-76
  

  Based on the chemical composition of the exopolysaccharide produced by the cystic fibrosis bacterial isolate Burkholderia cepacia IST408, we postulated and confirmed, based on the specificity of enzymes detected in crude cell-free extracts, the pathway leading to the presumptive activated sugar precursors: UDP-D-glucose, UDP-D-galactose, UDP-D-glucuronic acid, GDP-D-mannose, and GDP-D-rhamnose. Results also suggest that regulation of the expression of the mucoid phenotype in B. cepacia does not occur at the level of synthesis of any of these enzymes.

  synthesis, Burkholderia, Burkholderia cepacia, exopolysaccharide, sugar, precursor, enzyme, Enzymes, cystic fibrosis, exopolysaccharide biosynthetic enzymes

  NCBI PubMed ID: 11006084
  Journal NLM ID: 0372516
  Publisher: Academic Press
  Correspondence: pcisc@alfa.ist.utl.pt
  Institutions: Centro de Engenharia Biologica e Quimica, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia IST408
  CSDB ID 4338 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 1409
  Cérantola S, Bounery JD, Segonds C, Marty N, Montrozier H "Exopolysaccharide production by mucoid and non-mucoid strains of Burkholderia cepacia" - FEMS Microbiology Letters 185(2) (2000) 243-246
  

  strain, Burkholderia, Burkholderia cepacia, exopolysaccharide, production, cystic fibrosis, mucoid, nonmucoid, exopolysaccharide production

  Journal NLM ID: 7705721
  Publisher: Blackwell Publishing
  Correspondence: cerant@ipbs.fr
  Institutions: Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS,Franse
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia BC1
  CSDB ID 6607 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 1561
  Sampaio Nogueira CE, Ruggiero JR, Sist P, Cescutti P, Urbani R, Rizzo R "Conformational features of cepacian: the exopolysaccharide produced by clinical strains of Burkholderia cepacia" - Carbohydrate Research 340(5) (2005) 1025-1037
  

  Conformational energy calculations and molecular dynamics investigations, both in water and in dimethyl sulfoxide, were carried out on the exopolysaccharide cepacian produced by the majority of the clinical strains of Burkholderia cepacia, an opportunistic pathogen causing serious lung infection in patients affected by cystic fibrosis, The investigation was aimed at defining the structural and conformational features, which might be relevant for clarification of the structure-function relationships of the polymer. The molecular dynamics calculations were carried out by Ramachandran-type energy plots of the disaccharides that constitute the polymer repeating unit. The dynamics of an oligomer composed of three repeating units were investigated in water and in Me(2)SO, a non-aggregating solvent. Analysis of the time persistence of hydrogen bonds showed the presence of a large number of favourable interactions in water, which were less evident in Me(2)SO. The calculations on the cepacian chain indicated that polymer conformational features in water were affected by the lateral chains, but were also largely dictated by the presence of solvent. Moreover, the large number of intra-chain hydrogen bonds in water disappeared in Me(2)SO solution, increasing the average dimension of the polymer chains.

  molecular modelling, Burkholderia cepacia, molecular dynamics, exopolysaccharide, cystic fibrosis, cepacian, polymer chain statistics

  NCBI PubMed ID: 15780267
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: UNESP Sao Paulo State University, Department of Physics, IBILCE, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: NMR, conformation analysis, MD simulations
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia
  CSDB ID 10142 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 1567
  Strino F, Nahmany A, Rosen J, Kemp GJ, Sá-Correia I, Nyholm PG "Conformation of the exopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia predicted with molecular mechanics (MM3) using genetic algorithm search" - Carbohydrate Research 340(5) (2005) 1019-1024
  

  We present a computational conformational analysis of the exopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia, which is believed to play a role in colonization and persistence of B. cepacia in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. The repeating unit of the exopolysaccharide is a heptasaccharide with three branches, which cause significant steric restraints. Conformational searches using glygal, an in-house developed software using genetic algorithm search methods, were performed on fragments as well as on the complete repeating unit with wrap-over residues. The force field used for the calculations was MM3(96). The search showed four favored conformations for an isolated repeating unit. However, for a sequence of several repeating units, the calculations indicate a single, well-defined linear conformation.

  conformation, genetic, role, structural, Burkholderia, Burkholderia cepacia, repeating unit, analysis, molecular, conformational, exopolysaccharide, method, conformational analysis, calculation, sequence, biology, fragment, methods, linear, Molecular mechanics, cystic fibrosis, medical, heptasaccharide, force field, colonization, search, persistence, lung, Software

  NCBI PubMed ID: 15780266
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Department of Medical Biochemistry/Centre for Structural Biology, Goteborg University, Medicinaregatan 7B, 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden, Department of Computing Science, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden, Centro de Engenharia Biologica e Quimica, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa Codex, Portugal
  Methods: NMR, conformation analysis, genetic methods, molecular mechanics
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia
  CSDB ID 10158 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 1620
  Herasimenka Y, Benincasa M, Mattiuzzo M, Cescutti P, Gennaro R, Rizzo R "Interaction of antimicrobial peptides with bacterial polysaccharides from lung pathogens" - Peptides 26(7) (2005) 1127-1132
  

  The interaction of two cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides, LL-37 and SMAP-29, with three bacterial polysaccharides, respectively, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia and Klebsiella pneumoniae, was investigated to identify possible mechanisms adopted by lung pathogens to escape the action of innate immunity effectors. In vitro assays indicated that the antibacterial activity of both peptides was inhibited to a variable extent by the three polysaccharides. Circular dichroism experiments showed that these induced an alpha-helical conformation in the two peptides, with the polysaccharides from K. pneumoniae and B. cepacia showing, respectively, the highest and the lowest effect. Fluorescence measurements also indicated the presence of peptide-polysaccharide interactions. A model is proposed in which the binding of peptides to the polysaccharide molecules induces, at low polysaccharide to peptide ratios, a higher order of aggregation, due to peptide-peptide interactions. Overall, these results suggest that binding of the peptides by the polysaccharides produced by lung pathogens can contribute to the impairment of peptide-based innate defenses of airway surface

  conformation, chemistry, Bacterial, microbiology, pathogenicity, Non-U.S.Gov't, polysaccharide, Burkholderia, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, molecule, antigens, Carbohydrate Sequence, induced, Molecular Sequence Data, Klebsiella, Bacterial polysaccharide, activity, polysaccharides, mechanism, biochemistry, biophysics, surface, interaction, immunity, pathogen, pathogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, bacterial polysaccharides, binding, measurement, action, effect, peptides, pneumonia, fluorescence, variable, assay, model, order, in vitro, defense, innate immunity, peptide, circular dichroism, pharmacology, macromolecular, Humans, Research Support, antimicrobial, aggregation, lung, antagonists & inhibitors, antibacterial, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides, Blood Proteins

  NCBI PubMed ID: 15949630
  Journal NLM ID: 8008690
  Publisher: New York, NY: Elsevier
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: CD
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia BTS7
  CSDB ID 10790 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 3198
  Cescutti P, Scussolin S, Herasimenka Y, Impallomeni G, Bicego M, Rizzo R "First report of a lyase for cepacian, the polysaccharide produced by Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria" - Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 339(3) (2006) 821-826
  

  Bacteria belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) are interesting for their involvement in pulmonary infections in patients affected by cystic fibrosis (CF) or chronic granulomatous disease. Many Bcc strains isolated from CF patients produce high amounts of exopolysaccharides (EPS). Although different strains sometimes biosynthesise different EPS, the majority of Bcc bacteria produce only one type of polysaccharide, which is called cepacian. The polymer has a unique heptasaccharidic repeating unit, containing three side chains, and up to three O-acetyl substituents.. We here report for the first time the isolation and characterisation of a lyase active towards cepacian produced by a Bacillus sp., which was isolated in our laboratory. The enzyme molecular mass, evaluated by size-exclusion chromatography, is 32,700+/-1500Da. The enzyme catalyses a beta-elimination reaction of the disaccharide side chain β-D-Galp-(1→2)-α-D-Rhap-(1→ from the C-4 of the glucuronic acid residue present in the polymer backbone. Although active on both native and de-acetylated cepacian, the enzyme showed higher activity on the latter polymer.

  NMR spectroscopy, cystic fibrosis, cepacian, Burkholderia cepacia complex, Bacillus sp., Polysaccharide lyase

  NCBI PubMed ID: 16325774
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.104
  Journal NLM ID: 0372516
  Publisher: Academic Press
  Correspondence: cescutti@bbcm.units.it
  Institutions: Dipartimento di Biochimica Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Università di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: 1H NMR, ESI-MS, biochemical methods
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia complex
  CSDB ID 20223 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 3398
  Herasimenka Y, Cescutti P, Impallomeni G, Campana S, Taccetti G, Ravenni N, Zanetti F, Rizzo R "Exopolysaccharides produced by clinical strains belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex" - Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 6(2) (2007) 145-152
  

  BACKGROUND: In the frame of a research line dedicated to better clarify the role of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in bacterial virulence, EPS produced by species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), namely Burkholderia multivorans, Burkholderia cenocepacia, and a Bcc member of undetermined genomovar, all isolated at the Cystic Fibrosis Regional Centre of Florence (Italy), were investigated for they structural properties. METHODS: Three strains of B. multivorans, three of B. cenocepacia and one of a Bcc member of undetermined genomovar were isolated from CF patients. The reference strains C1576 and J2315, for genomovar II and III, respectively, were included in the study. The bacteria were grown on solid media, the exopolysaccharides produced were purified, and their structures were determined. In addition, sugar analysis of sputum samples was accomplished to search for EPS produced in vivo. RESULTS: Six strains out of seven produced the exopolysaccharide cepacian, while one strain of B. multivorans produced a completely different polymer, previously known in the literature as PS1. Two strains synthesised very small amounts of EPS. No definitive evidence for the presence of cepacian in sputum samples was found. CONCLUSIONS: Most strains examined produced abundant amounts of polysaccharides. Cepacian was the most common EPS isolated and its production was not associated to a particular genomovar

  structure, exopolysaccharide, cystic fibrosis, Burkholderia cepacia complex, Sputum samples

  NCBI PubMed ID: 16860003
  Journal NLM ID: 101128966
  Publisher: Elsevier for the European Cystic Fibrosis Society
  Correspondence: cescutti@bbcm.units.it
  Institutions: Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Universita di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, GLC-MS, NMR-2D, GC-MS, ESI-MS, GLC, composition analysis, NMR-1D, serological methods, genetic methods, acid degradation
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia complex
  CSDB ID 21560 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 3478
  Herasimenka Y, Cescutti P, Sampaio Noguera CE, Ruggiero JR, Urbani R, Impallomeni G, Zanetti F, Campidelli S, Prato M, Rizzo R "Macromolecular properties of cepacian in water and in dimethylsulfoxide" - Carbohydrate Research 343(1) (2008) 81-89
  

  Cepacian is the exopolysaccharide produced by the majority of the so far investigated clinical strains of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. This is a group of nine closely related bacterial species that might cause serious lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients, in some cases leading to death. In this paper the aggregation ability and the conformational properties of cepacian chain were investigated to understand its role in biofilm formation. Viscosity and atomic force microscopy studies in water and in mixed (dimethylsulfoxide/water) solvent indicated the formation of double stranded molecular structures in aqueous solutions. Inter-residue short distances along cepacian chain were investigated by NOE NMR, which showed that two side chains of cepacian were not conformationally free due to strong interactions with the polymer backbone. These interactions were attributed to hydrogen bonding and contributed to structure rigidity

  exopolysaccharide, Biofilm, Burkholderia cepacia complex, Dimethylsulfoxide solutions, conformational properties

  NCBI PubMed ID: 18028888
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: rizzor@units.it
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecules Chemistry, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: 1H NMR, NMR-2D, HPSEC, microscopy, intrinsic viscosity measurements
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia complex
  CSDB ID 22655 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 3858
  Hallack LF, Passos DS, Mattos KA, Agrellos OA, Jones C, Mendonça-Previato L, Previato JO, Todeschini AR "Structural elucidation of the repeat unit in highly branched acidic exopolysaccharides produced by nitrogen fixing Burkholderia" - Glycobiology 20(3) (2010) 322-337
  

  Burkholderia kururiensis, strain M130, an endophytic diazotrophic bacterium isolated from rice roots, produces acetylated acidic exopolysaccharides which can be separated by anion exchange chromatography. These were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, methylation analysis and Smith degradation. The exopolysaccharides eluted with 0.5 M NaCl were produced when the bacterium was grown in a medium containing mannitol as the sole carbon source, and showed to be a mixture of two different polymers, composed of hepta or octasaccharide repeat units, consistent with following structure: [structure: see text]. The ability of diazotrophic Burkholderia to produce two exopolysaccharides that differ by the presence of a terminal glucosyl residue provides insight into polysaccharide function with potentially significant biological consequences in the endophytic-host plant interaction.

  Burkholderia, NMR spectroscopy, exopolysaccharide, nitrogen fixing, endophyte

  NCBI PubMed ID: 19933228
  Publication DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp181
  Journal NLM ID: 9104124
  Publisher: IRL Press at Oxford University Press
  Correspondence: luciamp@biof.ufrj.br
  Institutions: Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, NMR-2D, GC-MS, sugar analysis, GC, Smith degradation, de-O-acetylation, NMR-1D
  
   
  
  Burkholderia kururiensis M130
  CSDB ID 25659 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 3972
  Cescutti P, Foschiatti M, Furlanis L, Lagatolla C, Rizzo R "Isolation and characterisation of the biological repeating unit of cepacian, the exopolysaccharide produced by bacteria of the Burkholderia cepacia complex" - Carbohydrate Research 345(10) (2010) 1455-1460
  

  The repeating unit of cepacian, the exopolysaccharide produced by the majority of the microorganisms belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex, was isolated from inner bacterial membranes and investigated by mass spectrometry, with and without prior derivatisation. Interpretation of the mass spectra led to the determination of the biological repeating unit primary structure, thus disclosing the nature of the oligosaccharide produced in vivo. Moreover, mass spectra recorded on the native sample revealed that acetyl substitution was very variable, producing a mixture of repeating units containing zero to four acyl groups. At the same time, finding acetylated oligosaccharides showed that binding of these substituents occurred in the cellular periplasmic space, before the polymerisation process took place. In the chromatographic peak containing the repeating unit, oligosaccharides shorter than the repeating unit co-eluted. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that they were biosynthetic intermediates of the repeating unit and further investigation revealed the biosynthetic sequence of cepacian building block.

  structure, polysaccharide, repeating unit, ESI-MS, Burkholderia cepacia complex

  NCBI PubMed ID: 20409536
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.03.029
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: P.Cescutti
  Institutions: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Bdg C11, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: ESI-MS, acid hydrolysis, permethylation
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia
  CSDB ID 25927 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4000
  Cescutti P, Impallomeni G, Garozzo D, Rizzo R "O-Acetyl location on Cepacian, the principal exopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria" - Carbohydrate Research 346(18) (2011) 2905-2912
  

  Cepacian is an exopolysaccharide produced by the majority of the isolates belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria, a group of 17 species, some of which infect cystic fibrosis patients, sometime with fatal outcome. The repeating unit of cepacian consists of a backbone having a trisaccharidic repeating unit with three side chains, as reported in the formula below. The exopolysaccharide is also acetylated, carrying from one to three acetyl esters per repeating unit, depending on the strain examined. The consequences of O-acetyl substitution in a polysaccharide are important both for its biological functions and for industrial applications, including the preparation of conjugated vaccines, since O-acetyl groups are important immunogenic determinants. The location of acetyl groups was achieved by NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry and revealed that these substituents are scattered in non-stoichiometric ratio on many sugar residues in different positions, a feature which adds to the already unique carbohydrate structure of the polysaccharide.

  NMR, polysaccharide structure, ESI-MS, cystic fibrosis, O-Acetyl groups, Burkholderia cepacia complex

  NCBI PubMed ID: 22055818
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.10.011
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: pcescutti@units.it
  Institutions: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34134 Trieste, Italy, Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, sugar analysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, ESI-MS, de-O-acetylation
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia complex
  CSDB ID 26158 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4842
  Dolfi S, Sveronis A, Silipo A, Rizzo R, Cescutti P "A novel rhamno-mannan exopolysaccharide isolated from biofilms of Burkholderia multivorans C1576" - Carbohydrate Research 411 (2015) 42-48
  

  Burkholderia multivorans C1576 is a Gram negative opportunistic pathogen causing serious lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Considering that bacteria naturally form biofilms, and exopolysaccharides are recognized as important factors for biofilm architecture set-up, B. multivorans was grown both in biofilm and in non-biofilm mode on two different media in order to compare the exopolysaccharides biosynthesized in these different experimental conditions. The exopolysaccharides produced were purified and their structure was determined resorting mainly to NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The experimental data showed that both in biofilm and non-biofilm mode B. multivorans C1576 produced a novel exopolysaccharide having the following structure: [Formula: see text]. About 50% of the 2-linked rhamnose residues are substituted on C-3 with a methyl ether group. The high percentage of deoxysugar Rha units, coupled with OMe substitutions, suggest a possible role for polymer domains with marked hydrophobic characteristics able to create exopolysaccharide junction zones favouring the stability of the biofilm matrix.

  NMR, Exopolysaccharide structure, cystic fibrosis, Biofilm, Burkholderia multivorans C1576

  NCBI PubMed ID: 25974852
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.012
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: pcescutti@units.it
  Institutions: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy, Department of Life Sciences, Bldg C11, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, partial acid hydrolysis, GC-MS, ESI-MS, GLC, de-O-acetylation, composition analysis, NMR-1D
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia complex
  CSDB ID 11153 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5791
  Knirel YA, Van Calsteren M "Bacterial exopolysaccharides" - Book: Comprehensive Glycoscience: From Chemistry to Systems Biology. Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering (2021) 1-75
  

  Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides are known as a cell-bound capsule, a sheath, or a slime, which is excreted into the environment. They play an important role in virulence of medical bacteria and plant-to-symbiont interaction and are used for serotyping of bacteria and production of vaccines. Some exopolysaccharides have commercial applications in industry, and claims of health benefits have been documented for an increasing number of them. Exopolysaccharides have diverse composition and structure, and some contain sugar and non-sugar components that are found in bacterial carbohydrates only. The present article provides an updated collection of the data on exopolysaccharides of various classes of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria reported until the end of 2019. When known, biosynthesis pathways of exopolysaccharides are treated in a summary manner. References are made to structure and biosynthesis relatedness between exopolysaccharides of different bacterial taxa as well as between bacterial polysaccharides and mammalian glycosaminoglycans.

  polysaccharide structure, Gram-negative bacteria, capsule, Biofilm, polysaccharide biosynthesis, gram-positive bacteria, Monosaccharide composition, Bacterial exopolysaccharide, non-sugar component

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819475-1.00005-5
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: marie-rose.vancalsteren@canada.ca; yknirel@gmail.com
  Editors: Barchi J, Kamerling H
  Institutions: N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia
  CSDB ID 6984 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6203
  Bellich B, Teran LC, Fazli MM, Berti F, Rizzo R, Tolker-Nielsen T, Chandan V, Cescutti P "The Bep gene cluster in Burkholderia cenocepacia H111 codes for a water-insoluble exopolysaccharide essential for biofilm formation" - Carbohydrate Polymers (2022) 120318
  

  Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic pathogen isolated from cystic fibrosis patients where it causes infections that are extremely difficult to treat with antibiotics, and sometimes have a fatal outcome. Biofilm is a virulence trait of B. cenocepacia, and is associated with infection persistence and increased tolerance to antibiotics. In biofilms exopolysaccharides have an important role, conferring mechanical stability and antibiotic tolerance. Two different exopolysaccharides were isolated from B. cenocepacia H111 biofilms: a water-soluble polysaccharide rich in rhamnose and containing an L-Man residue, and a water-insoluble polymer made of glucose, galactose and mannose. In the present work, the product encoded by B. cenocepacia H111 bepA-L gene cluster was identified as the water-insoluble exopolysaccharide, using mutant strains and NMR spectroscopy of the purified polysaccharides. It was also demonstrated that the B. cenocepacia H111 wild type strain produces the water-insoluble exopolysaccharide in pellicles, thus underlining its potential importance in in vivo infections.

  NMR spectroscopy, Exopolysaccharide structure, Biofilm, Burkholderia cenocepacia, bepA-L gene cluster

  NCBI PubMed ID: 36436859
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120318
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: pcescutti@units.it
  Institutions: Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, Bdg. C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: 1H NMR, sugar analysis, GLC, HR-MAS NMR, pellicles production, sequence analysis of gene clusters
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cenocepacia complex
  CSDB ID 20841 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: cellulose
Compound class: CPS, EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 4350
  Mann EE, Wozniak DJ "Pseudomonas biofilm matrix composition and niche biology" - FEMS Microbiology Reviews 36(4) (2012) 893-916
  

  Biofilms are a predominant form of growth for bacteria in the environment and in the clinic. Critical for biofilm development are adherence, proliferation, and dispersion phases. Each of these stages includes reinforcement by, or modulation of, the extracellular matrix. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been a model organism for the study of biofilm formation. Additionally, other Pseudomonas species utilize biofilm formation during plant colonization and environmental persistence. Pseudomonads produce several biofilm matrix molecules, including polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins. Accessory matrix components shown to aid biofilm formation and adaptability under varying conditions are also produced by pseudomonads. Adaptation facilitated by biofilm formation allows for selection of genetic variants with unique and distinguishable colony morphology. Examples include rugose small-colony variants and wrinkly spreaders (WS), which over produce Psl/Pel or cellulose, respectively, and mucoid bacteria that over produce alginate. The well-documented emergence of these variants suggests that pseudomonads take advantage of matrix-building subpopulations conferring specific benefits for the entire population. This review will focus on various polysaccharides as well as additional Pseudomonas biofilm matrix components. Discussions will center on structure-function relationships, regulation, and the role of individual matrix molecules in niche biology.

  polysaccharide, alginate, levan, eDNA, Psl, Pel

  NCBI PubMed ID: 22212072
  Publication DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00322.x
  Journal NLM ID: 8902526
  Publisher: Oxford University Press
  Correspondence: daniel.wozniak@osumc.edu
  Institutions: Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
  
   
  
  Pseudomonas
  CSDB ID 31086 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6203
  Bellich B, Teran LC, Fazli MM, Berti F, Rizzo R, Tolker-Nielsen T, Chandan V, Cescutti P "The Bep gene cluster in Burkholderia cenocepacia H111 codes for a water-insoluble exopolysaccharide essential for biofilm formation" - Carbohydrate Polymers (2022) 120318
  

  Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic pathogen isolated from cystic fibrosis patients where it causes infections that are extremely difficult to treat with antibiotics, and sometimes have a fatal outcome. Biofilm is a virulence trait of B. cenocepacia, and is associated with infection persistence and increased tolerance to antibiotics. In biofilms exopolysaccharides have an important role, conferring mechanical stability and antibiotic tolerance. Two different exopolysaccharides were isolated from B. cenocepacia H111 biofilms: a water-soluble polysaccharide rich in rhamnose and containing an L-Man residue, and a water-insoluble polymer made of glucose, galactose and mannose. In the present work, the product encoded by B. cenocepacia H111 bepA-L gene cluster was identified as the water-insoluble exopolysaccharide, using mutant strains and NMR spectroscopy of the purified polysaccharides. It was also demonstrated that the B. cenocepacia H111 wild type strain produces the water-insoluble exopolysaccharide in pellicles, thus underlining its potential importance in in vivo infections.

  NMR spectroscopy, Exopolysaccharide structure, Biofilm, Burkholderia cenocepacia, bepA-L gene cluster

  NCBI PubMed ID: 36436859
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120318
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: pcescutti@units.it
  Institutions: Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, Bdg. C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: 1H NMR, sugar analysis, GLC, HR-MAS NMR, pellicles production, sequence analysis of gene clusters
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cenocepacia complex
  CSDB ID 20842 (all data & tools)