C. Zhao <zhchao
College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China, Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
Diabetes mellitus, characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, is a disorder of the endocrine metabolic system which has emerged as a common chronic disease worldwide. Euglena gracilis polysaccharides have ideal development potential in the treatment of diabetes. However, their structure and bioactivity are largely unclear. A novel purified water-soluble polysaccharide (EGP-2A-2A) from E. gracilis with a molecular weight of 130.8 kDa consisted of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, fucose, glucose, arabinose, and glucosamine hydrochloride. The SEM image for EGP-2A-2A suggested a rough surface with the presence of globule-like protrusions. Methylation and NMR spectral analyses revealed that EGP-2A-2A was mainly composed of →6)-β-D-Galp-(1→2)-α-D-Glcp-(1→2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→3)-α-L-Araf-(1→6)-β-D-Galp-(1→3)-α-D-Araf-(1→3)-α-L-Rhap-(1→4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→6)-β-D-Galp-(1→ with complex branching structure. EGP-2A-2A significantly increased glucose consumption and glycogen content in IR-HeoG2 cells and modulates glucose metabolism disorders by regulating PI3K, AKT, and GLUT4 signaling pathways. EGP-2A-2A significantly suppressed TC, TG, and LDL-c levels, and enhanced that of HDL-c. EGP-2A-2A ameliorated abnormalities caused by disorders of glucose metabolism and the hypoglycemic activity of EGP-2A-2A may be mainly positively related to its high glucose content and the β-configuration in the main chain. These results suggested that EGP-2A-2A played an important role in alleviating disorders of glucose metabolism through insulin resistance and has the potential for development as a novel functional food with nutritional and health benefits.
abstract, table 2, Fig. 3D, EGP-2A-2A
13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, GC-MS, sugar analysis, Western blotting, FTIR, HPLC, statistical analysis, cytotoxicity assay, HPGPC, SEM, TG, UV-VIS, inhibitory studies, IF, TC, glucose uptake assay
erroneous published NMR chemical shift of C5 #6,4,3,5_aLFucp (74.32) and C2, C4 of #6,4,3,3,4,4,2_aLAraf (71.22, 73.10 respectively) were removed by CSDB staff
13C NMR data:
Linkage Residue C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
6,4,3,3,6,3,2,2 bDGalp 102.05 74.04 73.67 71.96 71.98 69.37
6,4,3,3,6,3,2 aDGlcp 100.95 77.28 72.04 71.65 72.11 65.19
6,4,3,3,6,3,4,3 bDXylp 105.23 74.30 75.10 74.84 62.46
6,4,3,3,6,3,4,4 bDXylp 105.23 74.30 75.10 74.84 62.46
6,4,3,3,6,3,4 aLGlcp 98.51 74.02 80.25 78.05 74.28 65.06
6,4,3,3,6,3 aLRhap 101.42 79.29 75.23 77.22 69.30 16.71
6,4,3,3,6 aLAraf 112.70 71.93 77.36 72.07 62.26
6,4,3,3,2 bDXylp 105.23 74.30 75.10 74.84 62.46
6,4,3,3,4,4,2 aLAraf 107.94 ? 72.01 ? 61.14
6,4,3,3,4,4,4 bDGalp 104.43 73.16 75.84 72.20 70.77 65.21
6,4,3,3,4,4,6,6 bDXylp 105.23 74.30 75.10 74.84 62.46
6,4,3,3,4,4,6 aDGlcp 102.34 72.11 73.44 72.06 71.37 69.33
6,4,3,3,4,4 aDGlcp 101.07 77.23 70.56 76.73 71.89 69.36
6,4,3,3,4 bDGlcp 102.18 72.54 72.01 77.35 73.02 62.03
6,4,3,3 bDGalp 101.64 75.63 68.99 79.40 71.98 68.60
6,4,3,5,3 bDXylp 105.23 74.30 75.10 74.84 62.46
6,4,3,5 aLFucp 103.09 73.14 81.80 75.75 ? ?
6,4,3 aDAraf 116.53 76.67 81.46 77.16 69.60
6,4 aLRhap 105.23 72.04 76.34 72.01 69.25 16.71
6 bDXylp 104.43 71.90 72.07 77.07 65.06
bDGalp 102.05 74.04 73.67 71.96 71.98 69.37
1H NMR data:
Linkage Residue H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
6,4,3,3,6,3,2,2 bDGalp 4.92 4.19 3.94 3.64 3.79 3.90
6,4,3,3,6,3,2 aDGlcp 5.16 3.93 3.64 3.56 3.78 3.30
6,4,3,3,6,3,4,3 bDXylp 4.59 3.59 3.96 3.29 3.66
6,4,3,3,6,3,4,4 bDXylp 4.59 3.59 3.96 3.29 3.66
6,4,3,3,6,3,4 aLGlcp 5.04 4.03 3.06 3.64 4.24 3.31
6,4,3,3,6,3 aLRhap 5.34 4.17 3.94 3.64 3.80 1.34
6,4,3,3,6 aLAraf 4.85 3.77 4.01 3.95 3.64
6,4,3,3,2 bDXylp 4.59 3.59 3.96 3.29 3.66
6,4,3,3,4,4,2 aLAraf 5.25 3.76 3.63 3.31 3.99
6,4,3,3,4,4,4 bDGalp 4.52 3.38 3.48 3.80 3.68 3.96
6,4,3,3,4,4,6,6 bDXylp 4.59 3.59 3.96 3.29 3.66
6,4,3,3,4,4,6 aDGlcp 5.07 3.77 3.85 3.64 3.94 3.83
6,4,3,3,4,4 aDGlcp 5.21 3.96 3.45 3.34 3.86 3.76
6,4,3,3,4 bDGlcp 4.52 3.94 3.64 3.99 3.30 3.62
6,4,3,3 bDGalp 4.86 3.24 3.93 4.17 3.64 3.93
6,4,3,5,3 bDXylp 4.59 3.59 3.96 3.29 3.66
6,4,3,5 aLFucp 4.49 3.35 3.97 3.31 4.22 1.92
6,4,3 aDAraf 5.06 4.09 4.15 3.91 4.18
6,4 aLRhap 4.50 3.34 3.45 3.64 3.86 1.34
6 bDXylp 4.62 3.63 3.86 3.77 4.03
bDGalp 4.92 4.19 3.94 3.64 3.79 3.90
1H/13C HSQC data:
Linkage Residue C1/H1 C2/H2 C3/H3 C4/H4 C5/H5 C6/H6
6,4,3,3,6,3,2,2 bDGalp 102.05/4.92 74.04/4.19 73.67/3.94 71.96/3.64 71.98/3.79 69.37/3.90
6,4,3,3,6,3,2 aDGlcp 100.95/5.16 77.28/3.93 72.04/3.64 71.65/3.56 72.11/3.78 65.19/3.30
6,4,3,3,6,3,4,3 bDXylp 105.23/4.59 74.30/3.59 75.10/3.96 74.84/3.29 62.46/3.66
6,4,3,3,6,3,4,4 bDXylp 105.23/4.59 74.30/3.59 75.10/3.96 74.84/3.29 62.46/3.66
6,4,3,3,6,3,4 aLGlcp 98.51/5.04 74.02/4.03 80.25/3.06 78.05/3.64 74.28/4.24 65.06/3.31
6,4,3,3,6,3 aLRhap 101.42/5.34 79.29/4.17 75.23/3.94 77.22/3.64 69.30/3.80 16.71/1.34
6,4,3,3,6 aLAraf 112.70/4.85 71.93/3.77 77.36/4.01 72.07/3.95 62.26/3.64
6,4,3,3,2 bDXylp 105.23/4.59 74.30/3.59 75.10/3.96 74.84/3.29 62.46/3.66
6,4,3,3,4,4,2 aLAraf 107.94/5.25 ?/3.76 72.01/3.63 ?/3.31 61.14/3.99
6,4,3,3,4,4,4 bDGalp 104.43/4.52 73.16/3.38 75.84/3.48 72.20/3.80 70.77/3.68 65.21/3.96
6,4,3,3,4,4,6,6 bDXylp 105.23/4.59 74.30/3.59 75.10/3.96 74.84/3.29 62.46/3.66
6,4,3,3,4,4,6 aDGlcp 102.34/5.07 72.11/3.77 73.44/3.85 72.06/3.64 71.37/3.94 69.33/3.83
6,4,3,3,4,4 aDGlcp 101.07/5.21 77.23/3.96 70.56/3.45 76.73/3.34 71.89/3.86 69.36/3.76
6,4,3,3,4 bDGlcp 102.18/4.52 72.54/3.94 72.01/3.64 77.35/3.99 73.02/3.30 62.03/3.62
6,4,3,3 bDGalp 101.64/4.86 75.63/3.24 68.99/3.93 79.40/4.17 71.98/3.64 68.60/3.93
6,4,3,5,3 bDXylp 105.23/4.59 74.30/3.59 75.10/3.96 74.84/3.29 62.46/3.66
6,4,3,5 aLFucp 103.09/4.49 73.14/3.35 81.80/3.97 75.75/3.31 ?/4.22 ?/1.92
6,4,3 aDAraf 116.53/5.06 76.67/4.09 81.46/4.15 77.16/3.91 69.60/4.18
6,4 aLRhap 105.23/4.50 72.04/3.34 76.34/3.45 72.01/3.64 69.25/3.86 16.71/1.34
6 bDXylp 104.43/4.62 71.90/3.63 72.07/3.86 77.07/3.77 65.06/4.03
bDGalp 102.05/4.92 74.04/4.19 73.67/3.94 71.96/3.64 71.98/3.79 69.37/3.90
report error
Found 2 records.
Displayed records from 1 to 2
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