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Information on the prevalence, compositions, and structures of anionic carbohydrate-containing polymers of cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria is summarized. The data suggest that these polymers are important for normal functioning of bacterial cells and require further studies. Structural data on teichoic acids found in the literature published over the last few years are discussed. This is a very diverse class of polymers whose structure-specific pathways of degradation were studied and NMR spectra were examined. Unique comprehensive tables of 13C-NMR spectroscopic data (mainly obtained by the authors) on these polymers are given in the Appendix. Other tables summarize data on teichuronic acids, sugar-phosphate polymers, acid polysaccharides, and structural variants of bonds between acid polysaccharides and peptidoglycans known from the literature. Functions of anionic polymers and their possible chemotaxonomic applications are discussed

13C-NMR, NMR, structure, cell wall, composition, teichoic acid, teichuronic acid, Gram-positive, gram-positive bacteria, taxonomy

NCBI PubMed ID: 9360295
Journal NLM ID: 0376536
Publisher: Nauka/Interperiodica
Institutions: School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia

The study of the extracellular bacteriolytic enzymes of Lysobacter sp. showed that they can efficiently hydrolyze the peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria provided that there is an electrostatic interaction of these enzymes with the cell wall anionic polymers, teichoic and teichuronic acids in particular. The hydrolytic action of bacteriolytic enzymes on the cell wall largely depends on the negative charge of teichoic and teichuronic acids, rather than on their chemical composition.

peptidoglycan, lysoamidase, bacteriolytic enzymes, anionic polymers

NCBI PubMed ID: 15521173
Journal NLM ID: 0376652
Publisher: Moskva: Izdatelstvo Nauka
Institutions: Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
Methods: periodate oxidation, acid hydrolysis, biochemical methods, enzymatic digestion

Teichoic acid (TA) is a weakly anionic polymer present in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. It can be classified into wall teichoic acid (WTA) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) based on its localization in the cell wall. The structure and biosynthetic pathway of TAs are strain-specific and have a significant role in maintaining cell wall stability. TAs have various beneficial functions, such as immunomodulatory, anticancer and antioxidant activities. However, the purity and yield of TAs are generally not high, and different isolation methods may even affect their structural integrity, which limits the research progress on the probiotic functions of TA. This paper reviews an overview of the structure and biosynthetic pathway of TAs in different strains, as well as the research progress of the isolation and purification methods of TAs. Furthermore, this review also highlights the current research status on the biological functions of TAs. Through a comprehensive understanding of this review, it is expected to pave the way for advancements in isolating and purifying high-quality TAs and, in turn, lay a foundation for contributing to the development of targeted probiotic therapies.

biosynthesis, structure, cell wall, teichoic acid, biological function, gram-positive microorganisms

NCBI PubMed ID: 37696369
Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126825
Journal NLM ID: 7909578
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Correspondence: Q. Gu
Institutions: Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China