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1. (Article ID: 11549)
 
Junkuszew M, Oleszek W, Jurzysta M, Piancente S, Pizza C
Triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of Amaranthus cruentus
Phytochemistry 49(1) (1998) 195-198
 

Four new saponins, 3-β-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 3)-β- glucuronopyranosyl]-2β,3β-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-[β-D- glucopyranosyl] ester, 3-β-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 3)-β- glucuronopyranosyl]-2β,3β,23-trihydroxyolean-12-en-728-oic acid 28-O-[β- D-glucopyranosyl] ester, 3-β-O-[α-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 3)-β- glucuronopyranosyl]-2β,3β-dihydroxy-23-oxoolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O- [β-D-glucopyranosyl] ester, 3-β-O-[β-glucuronopyranosyl]-2β,3β- dihydroxy-30-norolean-12,20(29)-diene-23,28-dioic acid 28-O-[β-D- glucopyranosyl] ester, together with known chondrillasterol (5α-stigmasta- 7,22-dien-3β-ol) and its 3-O-glucopyranoside have been isolated from seeds of Amaranthus cruentus. The structures were established by LSI mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy.

seeds, triterpenoid saponins, Amaranthaceae, Amaranthus cruentus

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2. (Article ID: 11860)
 
Oleszek W, Junkuszew M, Stochmal A
Determination and toxicity of saponins from Amaranthus cruentus seeds
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47(9) (1999) 3685-3687
 

The concentrations of four triterpene saponins present in amaranth seeds were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. It was shown that the total concentration of saponins in seeds was 0.09-0.1% of dry matter. In germinating seeds an increase in concentration to 0.18% was observed after 4 days of germination, which remained stable for the next 3 days and later dropped to 0.09%. Highly purified extracts from the seeds were tested for their toxicity against hamsters. The hydrophobic fraction obtained by the extraction of seeds with methylene chloride showed no toxicity; the behavior of tested animals was similar to that of the group given an equivalent dose of rapeseed oil. A crude saponin fraction, containing ~70% of pure saponins in the matrix, showed some toxicity, the approximate lethal dose was calculated as 1100 mg/kg of body weight. It is concluded that low contents of saponins in amaranth seeds and their relatively low toxicity guarantee that amaranth-derived products create no significant hazard for the consumer.

toxicity, concentration, saponins, Amaranthus cruentus, Amaranth

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