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Structure type: fragment of a bigger structure
Trivial name: α-D-glucan, glycogen, amylose-like α-D-glucan
Compound class: EPS, cell wall polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_140629,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_420417,IEDB_420418,IEDB_420421,IEDB_857742,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 4920
  Pellizzoni E, Ravalico F, Scaini D, Delneri A, Rizzo R, Cescutti P "Biofilms produced by Burkholderia cenocepacia: influence of media and solid supports on composition of matrix exopolysaccharides" - Microbiology 162(2) (2016) 283-294
  

  Bacteria usually grow forming biofilms, which are communities of cells embedded in a self-produced dynamic polymeric matrix, characterized by a complex three-dimensional structure. The matrix holds cells together and above a surface, and eventually releases them, resulting in colonization of other surfaces. Although exopolysaccharides (EPOLs) are important components of the matrix, determination of their structure is usually performed on samples produced in non-biofilm conditions, or indirectly through genetic studies. Among the Burkholderia cepacia complex species, Burkholderia cenocepacia is an important pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and is generally more aggressive than other species. In the present investigation, B. cenocepacia strain BTS2, a CF isolate, was grown in biofilm mode on glass slides and cellulose membranes, using five growth media, one of which mimics the nutritional content of CF sputum. The structure of the matrix EPOLs was determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy, while visualization of the biofilms on glass slides was obtained by means of confocal laser microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results confirmed that the type of EPOLs biosynthesized depends both on the medium used and on the type of support, and showed that mucoid conditions do not always lead to significant biofilm production, while bacteria in a non-mucoid state can still form biofilm containing EPOLs.

  exopolysaccharides, biofilms, atomic force microscopy, Burkholderia cepacia complex, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Host-microbe Interaction

  NCBI PubMed ID: 26586192
  Publication DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000214
  Journal NLM ID: 0376646
  Publisher: Washington, DC: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
  Correspondence: pcescutti@units.it (Paola Cescutti)
  Institutions: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, Bdg C11, 34127Trieste, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, NMR-2D, sugar analysis, ESI-MS, acid hydrolysis, GLC, permethylation, reduction with NaBD4, confocal scanning laser microscopy, colorimetric assays, protease treatment, morphological analysis
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cenocepacia BTS2
  CSDB ID 11299 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6149
  Tian J, Mao Q, Dong M, Wang X, Rui X, Zhang Q, Chen X, Li W "Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Exopolysaccharide from Soybean Whey Fermented by Lacticaseibacillus plantarum 70810" - Foods 10(11) (2021) 2780
  

  Soybean whey is a high-yield but low-utilization agricultural by-product in China. In this study, soybean whey was used as a substrate of fermentation by Lacticaseibacillus plantarum 70810 strains. An exopolysaccharide (LPEPS-1) was isolated from soybean whey fermentation by L. plantarum 70810 and purified by ion-exchange chromatography. Its preliminary structural characteristics and antioxidant activity were investigated. Results show that LPEPS-1 was composed of mannose, glucose, and galactose with molar ratios of 1.49:1.67:1.00. The chemical structure of LPEPS-1 consisted of →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-α-D-Galp-(1→ and →2)-α-D-Manp-(1→. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that LPEPS-1 had a relatively rough surface. In addition, LPPES-1 exhibited strong scavenging activity against DPPH and superoxide radicals and chelating ability on ferrous ion. This study demonstrated that soybean whey was a feasible fermentation substrate for the production of polysaccharide from L. plantarum 70810 and that the polysaccharide could be used as a promising ingredient for health-beneficial functional foods.

  polysaccharide, fermentation, structure characterization, Antioxidant activity, Lacticaseibacillus plantarum 70810, soybean whey

  NCBI PubMed ID: 34829061
  Publication DOI: 10.3390/foods10112780
  Journal NLM ID: 101670569
  Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: MDPI AG
  Correspondence: lw1981@njau.edu.cn
  Institutions: College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, sugar analysis, GC, FTIR, UV, statistical analysis, zeta potential measurement, fermentation, antioxidant activities, SEM, ion exchange chromatography
  
   
  
  Lacticaseibacillus plantarum 70810
  CSDB ID 10950 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 7006
  Grun CH, Hochstenbach F, Humbel BM, Verkleij AJ, Sietsma JH, Klis FM, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG "The structure of cell wall alpha-glucan from fission yeast" - Glycobiology 15(3) (2005) 245-257
  

  Morphology and structural integrity of fungal cells depend on cell wall polysaccharides. The chemical structure and biosynthesis of two types of these polysaccharides, chitin and (1→3)-β-glucan, have been studied extensively, whereas little is known about α-glucan. Here we describe the chemical structure of α-glucan isolated from wild-type and mutant cell walls of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Wild-type α-glucan was found to consist of a single population of linear glucose polymers, approximately 260 residues in length. These glucose polymers were composed of two interconnected linear chains, each consisting of approximately 120 (1→3)-linked α-d-glucose residues and some (1→4)-linked α-D-glucose residues at the reducing end. By contrast, α-glucan of an α-glucan synthase mutant with an aberrant cell morphology and reduced α-glucan levels consisted of a single chain only. We propose that α-glucan biosynthesis involves an ordered series of events, whereby two α-glucan chains are coupled to create mature cell wall α-glucan. This mature form of cell wall α-glucan is essential for fission-yeast morphogenesis.

  cell wall, polysaccharides, morphogenesis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, alpha-glucan, fission yeast

  NCBI PubMed ID: 15470229
  Publication DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwi002
  Journal NLM ID: 9104124
  Publisher: IRL Press at Oxford University Press
  Correspondence: f.hochstenbach@amc.uva.nl
  Institutions: Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Section of Glycoscience and Biocatalysis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Plants, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9715 NN Haren, The Netherlands
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, periodate oxidation, NMR-2D, GC-MS, acid hydrolysis, alkaline degradation, GC, Smith degradation, composition analysis, HPSEC, enzymatic digestion, acetylation, transmission electron microscopy
  
   
  
  Schizosaccharomyces pombe
  CSDB ID 41280 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 7042
  Feofilova EP "The fungal cell wall: Modern concepts of its composition and biological function" - Mikrobiologiia = Microbiology [Russian] 79(6) (2010) 711–720
  

  This review deals with the cell wall (CW), a poorly known surface structure of the cell of mycelial fungi. Data are presented concerning (i) isolation techniques and purity control methods securing the absence of the cytoplasm content in the CW fraction and (ii) the chemical composition of the CW. The structural (backbone) and intrastructural components of the CW, such as aminopolysaccharides, α- and β-glucans, proteins, lipids, uronic acids, hydrophobins, sporopollenin, and melanins, are discussed in detail. Special attention is given to chitin and its novel function in terms of protecting the cells from stress as well as to the differences of this fungal aminopolysaccharide from the chitin of algae and Arthropoda. The apical growth of hyphae and the involvement of special microvesicles in morphogenesis of a fungal cell are discussed. Data on the enzymes involved in CW synthesis and lysis are presented. In conclusion, the functional role of the fungal CW is discussed in juxtaposition to the surface structures of higher eukaryotes.

  cell wall, chemical composition, morphogenesis, Physiological functions, mycelial fungi, isolation techniques, apical growth

  NCBI PubMed ID: 21774151
  Publication DOI: 10.1134/S0026261710060019
  Journal NLM ID: 0376652
  Publisher: Moskva: Izdatelstvo Nauka
  Correspondence: feofilova@inmi.host.ru
  Institutions: Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  
   
  
  Schizosaccharomyces pombe
  CSDB ID 41854 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 8830
  Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Men Y, Zhang JG, Liu HM, Sun YX "Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of exopolysaccharides from submerged culture of Auricularia auricula-judae" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 115 (2018) 978-984
  

  Submerged culture of Auricularia auricula-judae has been documented, but there have been few studies on the structural characterization and medicinal properties of its exopolysaccharides. In present study, two exopolysaccharides, named CEPSN-1 and CEPSN-2, were isolated from submerged culture of A. auricula-judae, and their structural features as well as immunomodulatory activity were analyzed. The two exopolysaccharides both had a backbone chain composed of (1→4)-α-d-glucose residues in glucopyranose type. At the tested concentration range of 50-200 μg/mL, CEPSN-1 and CEPSN-2 not only showed non-toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells, but also could promote the release of NO and cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) in the cells. The release of NO was significantly enhanced by the two exopolysaccharides at 100 μg/mL (p < 0.05). The IL-10 secretion was significantly increased by 1.80 and 1.61-fold, compared to the control after treatment with 50 μg/mL of CEPSN-1 and CEPSN-2, respectively (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that, though their structural feature were different from that of polysaccharides from fruit body, exopolysaccharides of A. auricula-judae from submerged culture with the backbone of (1→4)-α-D-glucan could be explored as potential immunomodulatory agents for the application in complementary medicine or functional foods.

  exopolysaccharides, immunomodulatory activity, Structural characterization, A. auricula-judae

  NCBI PubMed ID: 29715555
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.145
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: Zhang AQ
  Institutions: National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China, Sinofn (Tianjin) Pharmacy Technology Co.,Ltd., 60 Weiliu Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, China
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, IR, GC-MS, ELISA, HPLC, statistical analysis, DEAE, methylation analysis, dialysis, determination of NO production, precipitation, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, MTT, TFA hydrolysis, centrifugaiton
  
   
  
  Auricularia auricula-judae
  CSDB ID 49130 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 9507
  Bleha R, Třešnáková L, Sushytskyi L, Capek P, Čopíková J, Klouček P, Jablonský I, Synytsya A "Polysaccharides from Basidiocarps of the Polypore Fungus Ganoderma resinaceum: Isolation and Structure" - Polymers 14(2) (2022) 255
  

  In this study, we focused on the isolation and structural characterization of polysaccharides from a basidiocarp of polypore fungus Ganoderma resinaceum. Polysaccharide fractions were obtained by successive extractions with cold water at room temperature (20 °C), hot water under reflux (100 °C), and a solution of 1 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide. The purity of all fractions was controlled mainly by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and their composition and structure were characterized by organic elemental analysis; neutral sugar and methylation analyses by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and mass spectrometry detector (GC/MS), respectively; and by correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The aqueous extracts contained two main polysaccharides identified as a branched O-2-β-D-mannosyl-(1→6)-α-D-galactan and a highly branched (1→3)(1→4)(1→6)-β-D-glucan. Mannogalactan predominated in the cold water extract, and β-D-glucan was the main product of the hot water extract. The hot water soluble fraction was further separated by preparative anion exchange chromatography into three sub-fractions; two of them were identified as branched β-D-glucans with a structure similar to the corresponding polysaccharide of the original fraction. The alkaline extract contained a linear (1→3)-α-D-glucan and a weakly branched (1→3)-β-D-glucan having terminal β-D-glucosyl residues attached to O-6 of the backbone. The insoluble part after all extractions was identified as a polysaccharide complex containing chitin and β-D-glucans.

  polysaccharides, spectroscopy, Ganoderma resinaceum, wood decay fungi

  NCBI PubMed ID: 35054662
  Publication DOI: 10.3390/polym14020255
  Journal NLM ID: 101545357
  Publisher: Basel: MDPI
  Correspondence: R. Bleha ; A. Synytsya
  Institutions: Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, UCT Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 842 38 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Gardening, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic, Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
  Methods: GC-MS, sugar analysis, GC, FTIR, extraction, elemental analysis, anion exchange chromatography, FT Raman spectroscopy
  
   
  
  Ganoderma resinaceum
  CSDB ID 51707 (all data & tools)