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Bacterial glucans have aroused increasing interest in commercial applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. A number of bacterial glucans have been reported over recent decades, and their structure, production, and functional properties have been extensively studied. In this paper, we review recent researches on bacterial glucans, with emphasis on the production, physical and chemical properties, and the new developments in food, biomedical, pharmaceutical, and other industrial applications.

food, property, production, pharmaceutical, Bacterial glucans, Biomedical

NCBI PubMed ID: 27678120
Publication DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7836-6
Journal NLM ID: 8406612
Publisher: Springer
Correspondence: jfzhang@mail.njust.edu.cn
Institutions: Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China

A high-field NMR study of the polysaccharidic fraction extracted from Lentinula edodes mycelium grown on olive mill waste waters is reported. Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) was applied to the polysaccharidic fraction. The results showed the presence of two polysaccharides of different sizes, whose structures were revealed using one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques. These two polysaccharides were identified as xylan and lentinan.

NMR, DOSY, lentinan, Lentinula edodes, Olive mill waste waters, Xylan

NCBI PubMed ID: 15063201
Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.02.007
Journal NLM ID: 0043535
Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: mannina@imc.cnr.it
Institutions: Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, CNR, Area della Ricerca di Roma, I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy, Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, CNR, Area della Ricerca di Roma, I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy, Facoltà di Agraria, Dipartimento S.T.A.A.M, Università degli Studi del Molise, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, gel filtration, NMR-2D, GC, extraction

A number of polysaccharides with β-glycosidic linkage are widespread in nature in a variety of sources. All have a common structure and the (1→3)-β-D-glucan backbone is essential. They have attracted attention over the years because of their bioactive and medicinal properties. In many cases their functional role is a mystery, in others it is well established. Because of their insoluble chemical nature, particulate (1→3)-β-D-glucans are not suitable for many medical applications. Various methods of changing or modifying the β-D-glucan chemical structure and transforming it to a soluble form have been published. The β-D-glucan bioactive properties can be affected positively or negatively by such modifications. This review examines β-glucan sources in nature, health effects and structure-activity relationships. It presents the current state of β-D-glucan solubilization methods and discusses their effectiveness and application possibilities for the future.

derivative, glucan, soluble, application, solubilization, Saccharomyces

Publication DOI: 10.1080/07388550500376166
Journal NLM ID: 8505177
Publisher: CRC Press
Correspondence: dzekovic@alltech.com
Institutions: Alltech's North American Bioscience Center, Nicholasville, KY, USA, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Montenegro, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 16, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, Montenegro

In this study, we focused on the isolation and structural characterization of polysaccharides from a basidiocarp of polypore fungus Ganoderma resinaceum. Polysaccharide fractions were obtained by successive extractions with cold water at room temperature (20 °C), hot water under reflux (100 °C), and a solution of 1 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide. The purity of all fractions was controlled mainly by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and their composition and structure were characterized by organic elemental analysis; neutral sugar and methylation analyses by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and mass spectrometry detector (GC/MS), respectively; and by correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The aqueous extracts contained two main polysaccharides identified as a branched O-2-β-D-mannosyl-(1→6)-α-D-galactan and a highly branched (1→3)(1→4)(1→6)-β-D-glucan. Mannogalactan predominated in the cold water extract, and β-D-glucan was the main product of the hot water extract. The hot water soluble fraction was further separated by preparative anion exchange chromatography into three sub-fractions; two of them were identified as branched β-D-glucans with a structure similar to the corresponding polysaccharide of the original fraction. The alkaline extract contained a linear (1→3)-α-D-glucan and a weakly branched (1→3)-β-D-glucan having terminal β-D-glucosyl residues attached to O-6 of the backbone. The insoluble part after all extractions was identified as a polysaccharide complex containing chitin and β-D-glucans.

polysaccharides, spectroscopy, Ganoderma resinaceum, wood decay fungi

NCBI PubMed ID: 35054662
Publication DOI: 10.3390/polym14020255
Journal NLM ID: 101545357
Publisher: Basel: MDPI
Correspondence: R. Bleha ; A. Synytsya
Institutions: Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, UCT Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 842 38 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Gardening, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic, Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
Methods: GC-MS, sugar analysis, GC, FTIR, extraction, elemental analysis, anion exchange chromatography, FT Raman spectroscopy

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world, and therapies with safety are in great need. In this study, the β-glucan isolated from Lentinus edodes was successfully fractionated into three fractions with different weight-average molecular weight (Mw) by ultrasonic degradation and used for the treatment of colorectal cancer. In our findings, the β-glucan was successfully degraded with the Mw decreased from 2.56 × 10^6 Da to 1.41 × 10^6 Da, exhibiting the triple helix structure without conformation disruption. The in vitro results indicate that β-glucan fractions inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation, induced colon cancer cell apoptosis, and reduced inflammation. The in vivo results based on Azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model demonstrate that the lower-molecular weight β-glucan fraction showed stronger anti-inflammatory and anti-colon cancer activities by reconstructing intestinal mucosal barrier, increasing short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content, regulating metabolism of gut microbiota, and rebuilding the gut microbiota structure with the increased Bacteroides and the decreased Proteobacteria at the phylum level, as well as with the decreased Helicobacter and the increased Muribaculum at the genus level. These findings provide scientific basis for using the β-glucan to regulate gut microbiota as an alternative strategy in the clinical treatment of colon cancer.

β-Glucans, Anti-colon cancer activity, gut microbiota, anti-inflammation

NCBI PubMed ID: 37321711
Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121069
Journal NLM ID: 8307156
Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: X. Xu
Institutions: College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China, Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
Methods: 13C NMR, DNA techniques, ELISA, FTIR, HPLC, statistical analysis, SEC-MALLS, morphological analysis, cell viability assay, TEM, immunofluorescence, apoptosis assays, ultrasonic degradation, animal experiments, alkaline extraction