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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipid A
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135394,IEDB_137340,IEDB_141807,IEDB_151531,IEDB_534864

• Article ID: 5411
  Casillo A, Parrilli E, Tutino ML, Corsaro MM "The outer membrane glycolipids of bacteria from cold environments: isolation, characterization, and biological activity" - FEMS Microbiology Ecology 95(7) (2019) fiz094
  

  Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are the main components of the external leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Microorganisms that colonize permanently or transiently cold habitats have evolved an array of structural adaptations, some of which involve components of bacterial membranes. These adaptations assure the perfect functionality of the membrane even at freezing or sub-freezing growth temperatures. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art information concerning the structural features of the LPSs produced by cold-adapted bacteria. The LPS structure has recently been elucidated from species mainly belonging to Gammaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriaceae. Although the reported structural heterogeneity may arise from the phylogenetic diversity of the analyzed source strains, some generalized trends can be deduced. For instance, it is clear that only a small portion of LPSs displays the O-chain. In addition, the biological activity of the lipid A portion from several cold-adapted strains is reported.

  structure, lipid A, outer membrane, Cold adaptation, isolation and characterization, Rough-LPS, smooth-LPS

  NCBI PubMed ID: 31210256
  Publication DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz094
  Journal NLM ID: 8901229
  Publisher: Oxford University Press
  Correspondence: corsaro@unina.it
  Institutions: Department of Chemical Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
  
   
  
  Psychromonas marina
  CSDB ID 658 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6385
  Fux AC, Casonato Melo C, Michelini S, Swartzwelter BJ, Italiani P, Himly M "Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy" - International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(9) (2023) 8395
  

  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria's outer cell wall. It is one of the main types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are known to elicit severe immune reactions in the event of a pathogen trespassing the epithelial barrier and reaching the bloodstream. Associated symptoms include fever and septic shock, which in severe cases, might even lead to death. Thus, the detection of LPS in medical devices and injectable pharmaceuticals is of utmost importance. However, the term LPS does not describe one single molecule but a diverse class of molecules sharing one common feature: their characteristic chemical structure. Each bacterial species has its own pool of LPS molecules varying in their chemical composition and enabling the aggregation into different supramolecular structures upon release from the bacterial cell wall. As this heterogeneity has consequences for bioassays, we aim to examine the great variability of LPS molecules and their potential to form various supramolecular structures. Furthermore, we describe current LPS quantification methods and the LPS-dependent inflammatory pathway and show how LPS heterogeneity can affect them. With the intent of overcoming these challenges and moving towards a universal approach for targeting LPS, we review current studies concerning LPS-specific binders. Finally, we give perspectives for LPS research and the use of LPS-binding molecules.

  Lipopolysaccharide, lipid A, immunology, endotoxin, detection, low endotoxin recovery, LPS-binding molecules

  NCBI PubMed ID: 37176105
  Publication DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098395
  Journal NLM ID: 101092791
  Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: MDPI
  Correspondence: M. Himly
  Institutions: Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstra?e 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria, Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1601 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA, Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
  
   
  
  Psychromonas marina
  CSDB ID 10677 (all data & tools)