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Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 560000
Compound class: glucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_2278476,IEDB_2278477,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 6562
  Kiho T, Ito M, Nagai K, Hara C, Ukai S "Polysaccharides in fungi. XX. Structure and antitumor activity of a branched (1-3)-β-D-glucan from alkaline extract of yu ĕr" - Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 35(10) (1987) 4286-4293
  

  A water-insoluble glucan (N-5P), [α] 23D +2.3° (c= 0.51, 0.5 M sodium hydroxide), was isolated from the alkaline extract of the fruit bodies of Yu er (Chinese name) (Auricularia species). N-5P was homogeneous as judged by gel filtration and electrophoresis. By gel filtration, the molecular weight of N-5P was estimated to be 5.6 × 105. The 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra, together with the result of chromium trioxide oxidation, indicated that glucosidic linkages in N-5P have the β-D configuration. From the results of methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation (complete, as well as partial), partial acetolysis, and enzymic hydrolysis, it was concluded that N-5P has a main chain composed of β-(1→3)-linked D-glucopyranosyl residues, with single, β-(1→6)-linked D-glucopyranosyl groups attached as side chains, which account for a quarter of the total sugar residues. In addition, the results of enzymic hydrolysis indicated that the β-(1→6)-linked D-glucosyl side chains are mainly localized in the neighborhood of the nonreducing end of the main chain. Furthermore, N-5P showed potent antitumor activity against the solid form of sarcoma 180 in mice, and exhibited significant carbon clearance-enhancing activity in mice.

  13C-NMR, methylation analysis, molecular weight, Smith degradation, antitumor activity, branched (1→3)-β-D-glucan, Yu er (Auricularia species), structure of polysaccharide, phagocytic activity, carbon clearance

  NCBI PubMed ID: 3435953
  Publication DOI: 10.1248/cpb.35.4286
  Journal NLM ID: 0377775
  Publisher: Pharmaceutical Society Of Japan
  Institutions: Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan, Shotoku Gakuen Women's Junior College, Gifu, Japan
  Methods: 13C NMR, periodate oxidation, GLC-MS, gel filtration, IR, enzymatic hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, GLC, Smith degradation, extraction, optical rotation measurement, chromium trioxide oxidation, methylation analysis, paper electrophoresis, partial acetolysis, precipitation, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, antitumor activity assay, Congo Red assay, phagocytosis assay, PPC
  
   
  
  Auricularia
  CSDB ID 119420 (all data & tools)

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Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Trivial name: pestalotan
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, glucan, polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_161167,IEDB_2278476,IEDB_2278477,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 5714
  Meng Y, Lyu F, Xu X, Zhang L "Recent advances in chain conformation and bioactivities of triple-helix polysaccharides" - Biomacromolecules 21(5) (2020) 1653-1677
  

  Natural polysaccharides derived from renewable biomass sources are regarded as environmentally friendly and sustainable polymers. As the third most abundant biomacromolecule in nature, after proteins and nucleic acids, polysaccharides are also closely related with many different life activities. In particular, β-glucans are one of the most widely reported bioactive polysaccharides and are usually considered as biological response modifiers. Among them, β-glucans with triple-helix conformation have been the hottest and most well-researched polysaccharides at present, especially lentinan and schizophyllan, which are clinically used as cancer therapies in some Asian countries. Thus, creation of these active triple-helix polysaccharides is beneficial to the research and development of sustainable "green" biopolymers in the fields of food and life sciences. Therefore, full fundamental research of triple-helix polysaccharides is essential to discover more applications for polysaccharides. In this Review, the recent research progress of chain conformations, bioactivities, and structure-function relationships of triple-helix β-glucans is summarized. The main contents include the characterization methods of the macromolecular conformation, proof of triple helices, bioactivities, and structure-function relationships. We believe that the governments, enterprises, universities, and institutes dealing with the survival and health of human beings can expect the development of natural bioproducts in the future. Hence, a deep understanding of β-glucans with triple-helix chain conformation is necessary for application of natural medicines and biologics for a sustainable world.

  conformation, β-Glucans, schizophyllan, lentinan, triple-helix

  NCBI PubMed ID: 31986015
  Publication DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01644
  Journal NLM ID: 100892849
  Publisher: Washington, DC: American Chemical Society
  Correspondence: Xu X ; Zhang L
  Institutions: College of Chemistry & Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
  
   
  
  Auricularia
  CSDB ID 50653 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 7437
  Sone Y, Kakuta M, Misaki A "Isolation and characterization of polysaccharides of "kikurage" fruit body of Auricularia auricula-judae" - Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 42(2) (1978) 417-425
  

  Two kinds of β-D-glucans and an acidic heteropolysaccharide were isolated from the fruit body of Auricularia auricula-judae, and their structural features were elucidated. A water soluble glucan ([α]D -10°) consists of a backbone chain of β-(1→3)-linked D-glucose residues, two out of three glucose residues being substituted at the C-6 positions with single glucose units. The other glucan, which was obtained as the hot alkali insoluble residue, is also β(1→3)-glucan with single branches at C-6 positions, but it has an extremely highly branched structure; a small proportion of (1→6)-internallinkages may be situated in the side chains. An acidic heteropolysaccharide ([α]D -20°), isolated from the hot water extract through insoluble complex formation with cetylpyridinium chloride, contains D-xylose, D-mannose, D-glucose and D-glucuronic acid (molar ratio, 1.0: 4.1: 1.3: 1.3). Methylation followed by acid hydrolysis of the polysaccharide yielded 2, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose(glucose), 2, 3, 4-tri-O-methyl-D-xylose, 2, 4, 6-tri-, 4, 6-di-, and 2, 4-di-O-methyl-D-mannose, 2, 4-di-Omethyl- D-glucose, together with 2, 3, 4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, suggesting that it consists of a backbone chain of (1→3)-linked mannose residues, which are attached with D-xylose, D-mannose and D-glucuronic acid residues at the C-2 or C-6 positions. On the basis of these findings, the constitution of the A. auricula-judae was compared with that of Tremella fuciformis.

  polysaccharide, β-glucan, Auricularia auricula-judae

  Publication DOI: 10.1080/00021369.1978.10862990
  Journal NLM ID: 0370452
  Publisher: Tokyo: Agricultural Chemical Society Of Japan
  Institutions: Department of Food and Nutrition, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
  Methods: methylation, IR, acid hydrolysis, GLC, paper chromatography, extraction, reduction, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, carbazole-sulfuric acid assay, evaporation
  
   
  
  Auricularia auricula-judae
  CSDB ID 43960 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 7600
  Shirasugi N, Misaki A "Isolation, characterization, and antitumor activities of the cell wall polysaccharides from Elsinoe leucospila" - Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 56(1) (1992) 29-33
  

  A cell-wall preparation from the cells of Elsinoe leucospila, which produces elsinan extracellularly when grown on sucrose or glucose-potato extract medium, was fractionated systematically. The heteropolysaccharide that was released by treatment with Actinase E digestion, comprised D-mannose, D-galactose, and D-glucose (molar ratio, 1.5:1.0:0.1). Methylation, mild acid hydrolysis, and 13C-NMR studies suggested that the polysaccharide contains a backbone of α-(1→6)-linked D-mannose residues having two kinds of side chains, one attached at the O-4 with single or short β-(l→6)-linked D-galactofuranosyl residues, and the other attached at O-2 with short side chains, most probably, of α-(l→3)-Iinked D-mannopyranosyl residues. A moderately branched D-glucan fraction, obtained from the cold alkali extract, was fractionated to give an antitumor-active purified β-(1→3)-glucan having branches of single β-D-glucosyl groups, one out of eight D-glucose residues being substituted at the O-6.

  β-glucan, antitumor activity, Elsinoe leucospila, glucogalactomannan

  NCBI PubMed ID: 1368133
  Publication DOI: 10.1271/bbb.56.29
  Journal NLM ID: 9205717
  Publisher: Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry
  Institutions: Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Science of Living, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
  Methods: 13C NMR, methylation, periodate oxidation, gel filtration, GC-MS, acid hydrolysis, GLC, extraction, optical rotation measurement, acetylation, reduction, CC, ethanol precipitation, antitumor activity assay, evaporation, carbazole method, Lowry method, the Somogyi-Nelson method
  
   
  
  Elsinoe leucospila CS-1
  CSDB ID 44426 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 8248
  Bohn JA, BeMiller JN "(1→3)-β-D-Glucans as biological response modifiers: a review of structure-functional activity relationships" - Carbohydrate Polymers 28(1) (1995) 3-14
  

  (1→3)-β-D-Glucans that have β-D-glucopyranosyl units attached by (1→6) linkages as single unit branches enhance the immune system systemically. This enhancement results in antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, anticoagulatory and wound healing activities. The (1→3)-β-D-glucan backbone is essential. The most active polymers have degrees of branching (DB) between 0.20 and 0.33. Data suggest both that triple helical structures formed from high molecular weight polymers are possibly important for immunopotentiating activity and that activity is independent of any specific ordered structure. Other data indicate that it is the distribution of the branch units along the backbone chain that is responsible for activity. There are data that indicate both that β-D-glucopyranosyl units are required for immunopotentiating activity and that the specific nature of the substituent is unimportant. There are also data that indicate both that the more water-soluble polymers are more active (up to a certain degree of substitution (DS) or DB) and that some insoluble aggregates are more stimulatory than the soluble polymers. The best conclusion at this time is that the immunopotentiating activity of (1→3)-β-D-glucans depends on a helical conformation and on the presence of hydrophilic groups located on the outside surface of the helix. Immunopotentiation effected by binding of a (1→3)-β-glucan molecule or particle probably includes activation of cytotoxic macrophages, helper T cells, and NK cells, promotion of T cell differentiation, and activation of the alternative complement pathway.

  structure-functional activity

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(95)00076-3
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
  
   
  
  Pestalotia sp. 815
  CSDB ID 46578 (all data & tools)