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Found 1 structure.
Displayed structure 1
| b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-+ | -3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1- | Show graphically |
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Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Trivial name: pachyman, β-1,3/1,6-glucan, schizophyllan, pleuran, TM8, grifolan, lentinan, scleroglucan, grifolan, schizophyllan, tylopilan, pleuran, a water soluble polysaccharide, alkaline-soluble polysaccharide, (1,3)-β-D-glucan, laminarin
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, cell wall polysaccharide, glucan, polysaccharide, β-glucan, β-D-glucan (GLP)
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_2278476,IEDB_2278477,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192
Six water-insoluble (1→3)-β-D-glucan fractions TM8-1 to TM8-6 with weight-average molecular mass Mw ranging from 5.76 to 77.4×104 obtained from the sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber-regium were sulfated to produce the water-soluble fractions S-TM8-1 to S-TM8-6 with Mw from 6.0 to 64.8×104. The degree of substitution (DS) of S-TM8 fractions was analyzed by elemental analysis (EA) to be 1.14–1.74. The 13C NMR results indicated that the C-6 was fully substituted, and C-2, C-4 were partially substituted by the sulfo-groups. The Mw and the intrinsic viscosity [η] of the S-TM8 fractions were measured, respectively, by size-exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering (SEC-LLS), LLS and viscometry in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at 37 °C. The dependences of [η] and radius of gyration 〈s2〉z1/2 on Mw for the S-TM8 samples were found to be [η]=1.89×10−2Mw0.70 (cm3/g) and 〈s2〉z1/2=1.12×10−4Mw0.81 (nm) in the Mw range tested. Based on current theories for a wormlike chain model, the molar mass per unit contour length ML and persistence length q of the S-TM8 were calculated to be 990 nm−1 and 8.5 nm, respectively. The relatively higher q value suggested a more expanded flexible chain of S-TM8 in PBS. The water-solubility and relatively expanded chain conformation of the STM8 fractions were considered to be significant to their antiviral activity. Water-insoluble (1→3)-β-D-glucans having different Mw values from the sclerotia of P. tuber-regium were sulfated to afford water-soluble derivatives. The modified β-glucans were shown by SEC-LLS and viscometry to have a more expanded flexible chain in aqueous solution than the native polysaccharides.
conformation, molecular mass, β-D-glucan, sulfonation, Pleurotus tuber-regium
NCBI PubMed ID: 14667707Candida albicans is one of the most important opportunistic pathogenic fungi. Weakening of the defense mechanisms of the host, and the ability of the microorganism to adapt to the environment prevailing in the host tissues, turn the fungus from a rather harmless saprophyte into an aggressive pathogen. The disease, candidiasis, ranges from light superficial infections to deep processes that endanger the life of the patient. In the establishment of the pathogenic process, the cell wall of C. albicans (as in other pathogenic fungi) plays an important role. It is the outer structure that protects the fungus from the host defense mechanisms and initiates the direct contact with the host cells by adhering to their surface. The wall also contains important antigens and other compounds that affect the homeostatic equilibrium of the host in favor of the parasite. In this review, we discuss our present knowledge of the structure of the cell wall of C. albicans, the synthesis of its different components, and the mechanisms involved in their organization to give rise to a coherent composite. Furthermore, special emphasis has been placed on two further aspects: how the composition and structure of C. albicans cell wall compare with those from other fungi, and establishing the role of some specific wall components in pathogenesis. From the data presented here, it becomes clear that the composition, structure and synthesis of the cell wall of C. albicans display both subtle and important differences with the wall of different saprophytic fungi, and that some of these differences are of utmost importance for its pathogenic behavior.
Pathogenesis, cell wall, glycoproteins, Glucans, Candida albicans, chitin
NCBI PubMed ID: 16423067Some polysaccharides isolated from natural sources show various important biological activities, such as antitumor, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects, which are strongly affected by their chemical structures and chain conformations. This article attempts to review the current development on structural and conformational characterization of some importantly bioactive polysaccharides isolated from natural sources. The chemical structures were analyzed by FTIR, liquid-state NMR (one and two dimensions), solid-sate NMR, Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), GC–Mass (GC–MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chain conformations of polysaccharides in solutions were investigated using static and dynamic light scattering, viscosity analysis based on the theory of dilute polymer solution, circular dichroism analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM) including single molecular AFM and AFM-based single-molecule force spectroscopy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy.
chemical structure, polysaccharides, biological activity, Chain conformation
Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.12.015The fungal wall is pivotal for cell shape and function, and in interfacial protection during host infection and environmental challenge. Here, we provide the first description of the carbohydrate composition and structure of the cell wall of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We focus on the family of glucan elongation proteins (Gels) and characterize five putative β-1,3-glucan glucanosyltransferases that each carry the Glycoside Hydrolase 72 signature. We generated targeted deletion mutants of all Gel isoforms, that is, the GH72+ , which carry a putative carbohydrate-binding module, and the GH72- Gels, without this motif. We reveal that M. oryzae GH72+ GELs are expressed in spores and during both infective and vegetative growth, but each individual Gel enzymes are dispensable for pathogenicity. Further, we demonstrated that a Δgel1Δgel3Δgel4 null mutant has a modified cell wall in which 1,3-glucans have a higher degree of polymerization and are less branched than the wild-type strain. The mutant showed significant differences in global patterns of gene expression, a hyper-branching phenotype and no sporulation, and thus was unable to cause rice blast lesions (except via wounded tissues). We conclude that Gel proteins play significant roles in structural modification of the fungal cell wall during appressorium-mediated plant infection.
NCBI PubMed ID: 27568483Eight distinct polysaccharides (PS) of β-(1-3)-glucan type were tested for their capacity to render murine peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) cytotoxic. After intraperitoneal injection of lentinan, pachymaran and HE-pachyman 3 and 4 highly cytotoxic PEC were induced. Pachyman and HE-pachyman 1 and 2 were of moderate effect, whereas CM-pachymaran and HE-pachyman 3 and 4, highly cytotoxic PEC were induced. Pachyman and HE-pachymacrophages. The induction of PEC-dependent cytotoxicity exhibited a strict dose relationship. Optimal administration of PS resulted in the induction of cytotoxicity, which persisted for more than 25 days. Surprisingly, none of the PS tested was capable of rendering normal or thioglycollate-induced PEC cytoxic under in vitro conditions. It is suggested that the capacity of PS to render in vivo macrophages cytotoxic is related to the potency of these PS to activate the alternative pathway of complement system (APC) in so far as C3b may be the essential component required to render macrophages cytotoxic.
glucan, lentinan, T-cell immune adjuvants
NCBI PubMed ID: 6966608Sparassis crispa Fr. is an edible mushroom recently cultivable in Japan. It contains a remarkably high content of 6-branched 1,3-β-D-glucan showing antitumor activity. Using ion-exchange chromatography, a purified β-glucan preparation, SCG, was prepared. In this study, we examined the hematopoietic response by SCG in cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced leukopenic mice. SCG enhanced the hematopoietic response in CY induced leukopenic mice by intraperitoneal routes over a wide range of concentrations. SCG enhanced the hematopoietic response in CY-treated mice by prior or post administration. Analyzing the leukocyte population by flow cytometry, monocytes and granulocytes in the peritoneal cavity, liver, spleen and bone marrow (BM) recovered faster than in the control group. The ratio of natural killer cells and gammadelta T cells in the liver, spleen and peritoneal cavity was also increased. In contrast, CD4+ CD8+ cells in the thymus were temporarily significantly decreased by the administration of SCG. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) production of CY+SCG-treated peritoneal exdated cells (PECs), spleen cells and bone marrow cells (BMCs) were higher than that of the CY-treated group. By in vitro culture of CY-treated PEC and spleen cells, IL-6 production was enhanced by the addition of SCG. These facts suggested the possibility that IL-6 might be a key cytokine for the enhanced hematopoietic response by SCG.
β-glucan, interleukin-6, SCG, hematopoietic response, natural killer cell
NCBI PubMed ID: 12132673Water-soluble (1→3)-β-D-glucans with 1,6-linked branches (SBG), originally isolated from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and partially depolymerised to a weight average degree of polymerisation (DP(w)) in the range 120-160 for optimal performance in wound healing applications, were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), SEC MALLS and AFM. Results indicate that dilute aqueous SBG solutions (1 μg/ml to 3 mg/ml) contain higher order structures with a very wide size distribution in water (10-500 nm), corresponding to a mixture of single chains, multi-chain aggregates including triple-stranded motifs, and particulate materials. The latter were enriched in longer chains compared to non-particulate fractions. The size distribution of SBG aggregates shifted to slightly lower values upon heating, but showed hysteresis upon cooling. AFM images prepared from very dilute aqueous solution (1-5 μg/ml) analysis showed by comparison to other (1→3)-β-D-glucans that some of the structures were the triple helical species coexisting with larger aggregates and single chains, in contrast to carboxymethylated SBG, which contained predominantly single chains. The ability to control the aggregation behaviour of SBG enables tailoring of the physical, and possibly bioactive, properties of SBG preparations.
1, AFM, SEC-MALLS, DLS, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 3 glucan, CM-curdlan
NCBI PubMed ID: 23399124(1→3)-β-D-Glucans that have β-D-glucopyranosyl units attached by (1→6) linkages as single unit branches enhance the immune system systemically. This enhancement results in antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, anticoagulatory and wound healing activities. The (1→3)-β-D-glucan backbone is essential. The most active polymers have degrees of branching (DB) between 0.20 and 0.33. Data suggest both that triple helical structures formed from high molecular weight polymers are possibly important for immunopotentiating activity and that activity is independent of any specific ordered structure. Other data indicate that it is the distribution of the branch units along the backbone chain that is responsible for activity. There are data that indicate both that β-D-glucopyranosyl units are required for immunopotentiating activity and that the specific nature of the substituent is unimportant. There are also data that indicate both that the more water-soluble polymers are more active (up to a certain degree of substitution (DS) or DB) and that some insoluble aggregates are more stimulatory than the soluble polymers. The best conclusion at this time is that the immunopotentiating activity of (1→3)-β-D-glucans depends on a helical conformation and on the presence of hydrophilic groups located on the outside surface of the helix. Immunopotentiation effected by binding of a (1→3)-β-glucan molecule or particle probably includes activation of cytotoxic macrophages, helper T cells, and NK cells, promotion of T cell differentiation, and activation of the alternative complement pathway.
structure-functional activity
Publication DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(95)00076-3In recent years, edible and medicinal fungi attract more and more interest for their various biological functions and they have become a research focus. Polysaccharide of Coriolus versicolor is isolated from Coriolus versicolor or its broth, and gained much attention from the industries of medicine, food, cosmetics and even chemistry, and so on because of its superior biological activity and functions. This paper reviews the recent studies on polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor, about its structure, properties, fermentation, purification, application, market, and prospects. It is also a comprehensive survey of polysaccharide for further research and development.
polysaccharide, review, Coriolus versicolor, fungal polysaccharide
Publication DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37916-1_40This study examined the chemical composition of A. blasiliensis and the chemical structural properties of an immuno-stimulating polysaccharide. The amino acids, free sugars, and organic acids by HPLC and fatty acids by GC were analyzed. The immuno-stimulating substance from A. blasiliensis was extracted with hot water and purified by ethanol precipitation. It underwent ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Toyopearl HW 65F. Through GP-HPLC, the substance was found to be homogeneous. Its chemical structure was determined by 13C-NMR. Fatty acids, organic acids, and sugar alcohol composition consisted exclusively of linoleic acid, fumaric acid and mannitol, respectively. The amino acids were mainly glutamic acid, glycine, and arginine. By (13)C-NMR analysis, the immuno-stimulating substance was identified as β-(1→3) (1→6)-glucan, composed of a backbone with (1→3)-linked D-glucopyranosyl residues branching a (1→6)-linked D-glucopyranosyl residue. The β-glucan from A. blasiliensis showed pronounced immuno-stimulating activity on the antibody-production ability of B-lymphocytes by the hemolytic suspension assay. In these results, A. blasiliensis was estimated to have potent pharmacological properties and potential nutritional values
chemical composition, Agaricus blasiliensis, immuno-stimulating substance
NCBI PubMed ID: 23997608Dictyophora indusiata and many other Dictyophora mushrooms distribute widely around the world. They have long been used as edible mushroom in China. Owing to the outstanding healthy benefits, various bioactive substances from Dictyophora indusiata, including polysaccharide, amino acid, vitamin and protein, have been studied in recent years. Polysaccharide is one of the most important substances reported through out years. This review outlines recent progress on the extraction, purification, structural features and biological activities of polysaccharide from Dictyophora indusiata.
structure, polysaccharide, bioactivity, Dictyophora indusiata
Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2017.07.008Grifola frondosa, a polypore fungus that grows at the base of trees, is an edible and medicinal mushroom with a large fruiting body characterized by overlapping caps. Japanese scholars found that Grifola frondosa polysaccharide or D-fraction is the major biologically active ingredient, which is a protein-bound glucan or proteoglucan, consisting of β-glucan (either β-1,6-linked glucan with β-1,3 branches or β-1,3-linked glucan branched with β-1,6 glucosides, but it also contains D-xylose, D-fucose, D-mannose, L-arabinose, uronic acid, and galactose with largely unknown linkages. The Grifola frondosa polysaccharides with different molecular weight and monosaccharide compositions can be obtained by using different extraction methods, such as hot water extraction, acid or alkaline extraction, or microwave extraction methods from the fruiting bodies, mycelia or the fermentation broth. Grifola frondosa polysaccharide-based drug was developed in China and approved as an adjunctive therapeutic drug for cancer treatment by the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) in 2010. There are eight fungal glycan-based drugs, some of them have to be injected in order to be effective in vivo but the Grifola frondosa polysaccharide-based drug can be taken either orally or by injection. In this article, based on the search results of Chinese VIP, CNKI, Wanfang database and PubMed database, 108 independent studies were summarized. The chemical structure, the antitumor, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemia, and antiviral activity and molecular mechanisms of GFP are reviewed and discussed. Our goal is to provide a molecular picture that would allow in-depth evaluation of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide as an adjunctive drug for cancer therapy.
polysaccharide, cancer, Grifola frondosa, D-Fraction, adjunctive drug, biological response modifier (BRM), oral capsules
NCBI PubMed ID: 31030750Mushroom polysaccharides (MPs) act as a functional food and perform diverse biological activities. Significance of MPs in various health promoting products have been extensively reported by scientific community mainly on structural features, biological activities, potential uses and advances in their extraction, cultivation and biomolecular techniques which need to be reviewed for their better understanding and utilization. From the perspective of how MPs were utilized in various nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals (NPC) products as health promoting agents, this review aims to comprehensively discuss MPs phyto-pharmacology, structural features, advances and trends of utilization. Moreover, this review also highlights the challenges and future consideration for its holistic utilization in different NPC formulations. MPs were found to be effective against various disease conditions mainly through modulating cell surface receptors. Overall from the last ten years, the research on MPs has increased tremendously and countries like China ranked first. Among various biological activities, MPs are a better choice for antioxidant followed by immunomodulatory, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity and its use been increased as functional food. Various advanced techniques for MPs extraction, biomolecular characterization and artificial synthesis for NPC formulations are currently in use, however, the study on its complex structure, better culture and extraction conditions need further research. Moreover, a holistic approach needs to be adopted for mushroom utilization for the production of MPs as functional food. This review presents a comprehensive discussion on MPs research as functional compounds utilized in food and medicine and could be beneficial for various NPC formulations.
immunomodulatory, Antioxidant, bioactivity, Anticancer, mushroom polysaccharides, nutraceuticals
Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.009Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus), an edible mushroom with medicinal value, has a long history of usage in China and other oriental countries. Polysaccharide is supposed to be one of the major bioactive compounds in H. erinaceus, which possesses immunomodulating, anti-cancer, antioxidant, gastroprotection and intestinal health promotion, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antihpyerglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. In this review, the current advancements on extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological activities of polysaccharide from different sources (fruiting body, mycelium and culture broth) of H. erinaceus were summarized. Among these aspects, summaries of the structural characteristics focused on the purified polysaccharides. Meanwhile, comparisons on the structural characteristics among the purified polysaccharides obtained from above three sources were made. Moreover, their biological activities were introduced on the basis of in vivo and in vitro experiments, and some possible action mechanisms were listed. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationship of the polysaccharide was discussed. New perspectives for the future work of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide were also proposed. HIGHLIGHTS Extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological activities of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide (HEP) were summarized. Structural characteristics of the purified polysaccharides from different sources (fruiting body, mycelium and culture broth) of Hericium erinaceus were summarized and compared. Structure-activity relationship of HEP was discussed, and new perspectives for the future work of this polysaccharide were proposed.
structure, polysaccharide, biological activity, structure-activity relationship
NCBI PubMed ID: 30421988Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharides (DIP) shows antioxidant, anti-tumor and immunostimulatory activities. However, the anti-inflammatory roles of DIP in NLRP3 inflammasome in LPS-stimulated macrophages are still not well defined. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of DIP in LPS-primed RAW264.7 macrophages. Our data showed that DIP inhibited NF-κB signal pathway via modulating TLR4 expression, phosphorylation of IκBα and nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65 subunit. Meanwhile, DIP reduced inflammasome activation via decreasing NLRP3 expression in cytoplasmic pools, limiting self-assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome, as well as the subsequent activation of caspase-1 and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. For the first time, we show that the anti-inflammatory activity of DIP is mediated by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation during LPS-induced acute inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages.
anti-inflammatory activity, dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide, NLRP3 inflammasome
NCBI PubMed ID: 30625352Polysaccharide (DIP) from Dictyophora indusiata has showed noteworthy anti-inflammatory activities. Given that the closely relationship between inflammation and ulcerative colitis, we speculated that DIP may alleviate ulcerative colitis. However, there was not any report about the effect of DIP on this disease. The purpose of this paper is to explore the protective effect and mechanism of DIP on DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice. The data indicated that DIP could improve DSS-induced colitis by restoring intestinal barrier function and regulating macrophage polarization. Its mechanism was found to be associated with decreased oxidative stresses and inflammation, suppressive key signal pathways related with colitis, improved the expression of tight junction proteins and down-regulated M1 macrophage polarization. The results suggested that DIP could be served as an agent for improving intestinal inflammation in functional foods or nutraceutical formulations.
Macrophage polarization, anti-inflammatory activity, dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide, DSS-induced colitis, intestinal barrier function
NCBI PubMed ID: 31449863The structures and cytotoxic activities of water-soluble polysaccharides were investigated to search for biologically active polysaccharides from the fruit bodies of quinine conks (Fomitopsis officinalis). The decoctions of this medical fungus are actively used in folk medicine in many countries and traditional Chinese medicine. From the fungal extract we prepared, only branched β-glucan had cytotoxic activity among all the water-soluble polysaccharides. This glucan is characterized by a regular structure. Its backbone is formed by 1,3-linked β-D-Glcp residues, of which every third residue is substituted at O-6 by a single β-D-Glcp residue. It has a triple helix conformation according to the data obtained from a colorimetric assay with Congo red dye and is characterized by a high-weight average molar mass (Mw > 800 kDa). β-Glucan possessed cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells (IC50 = 318 ± 47 μg/mL) and induced the formation of apoptotic bodies around most cancer cells at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. It should be noted that extraction with boiling water, which is usually used to obtain extracts and decoctions, is unable to isolate active β-glucan. Active β-glucan can be obtained in an individual state by cold alkali extraction after dehydration of the fruit bodies and removal of the components extractable by boiling water.
NMR spectroscopy, β-glucan, Basidiomycota, HeLa cells, Fomitopsis officinalis, Fomitopsidaceae, fucosylated xylomannan, heteropolysaccharides
NCBI PubMed ID: 32353551A polysaccharide-enriched extract obtained from Lentinula edodes was submitted to several purification steps to separate three different D-glucans with β-(1→6), β-(1→3),(1→6) and α-(1→3) linkages, being characterized through GC-MS, FT-IR, NMR, SEC and colorimetric/fluorimetric determinations. Moreover, in vitro hypocholesterolemic, antitumoral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were also tested. Isolated glucans exerted HMGCR inhibitory activity, but only β-(1→6) and β-(1→3),(1→6) fractions showed DPPH scavenging capacity. Glucans were also able to lower IL-1β and IL-6 secretion by LPS-activated THP-1/M cells and showed cytotoxic effect on a breast cancer cell line that was not observed on normal breast cells. These in vitro results pointed important directions for further in vivo studies, showing different effects of each chemical structure of the isolated glucans from shiitake mushrooms.
β-Glucans, α-glucans, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, shiitake mushroom, hypocholesterolemic
NCBI PubMed ID: 31826486Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries, a well-known medicinal fungus, has been reported to exhibit important functions of diuresis and dampness infiltration in traditional Chinese Medicine. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that the P. umbellatus polysaccharides (PUPs) are the main and representative pharmacologically active ingredients and display multiple bioactivities both in vivo and in vitro methods, such as those of antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antitumor, anti-proliferative and hepatoprotective. Besides, many PUPs have been isolated from the different sources of P. umbellatus, including sclerotia, fruiting body, mycelia and fermentation liquid of this fungus. The purpose of the present review is to comprehensively and systematically reorganize the available information related to the extraction, purification, modification, structure characterization and to discuss diverse biological activities of PUPs to support their potential application value in pharmaceuticals field, functional foods and cosmetics areas. In addition, new invaluable insights on the future research with PUPs have also been proposed in the important areas of structural characterization and pharmacological activities.
polysaccharides, modification, bioactivities, Polyporus umbellatus, structural features, extraction methods
NCBI PubMed ID: 34419536The mushrooms have contributed to the development of active ingredients of fundamental importance in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry as well as of important tools in human and animal health, nutrition, and functional food. This review considers studies on the beneficial effects of medicinal mushrooms on the nutrition and health of humans and farm animals. An overview of the chemical structure and composition of mycochemicals is presented in this review with particular reference to phenolic compounds, triterpenoids and sterols, fatty acids and lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, peptides, and lectins. The nutritional value and chemical composition of wild and cultivated mushrooms in Italy is also the subject of this review which also deals with mushrooms as nutraceuticals and the use of mushrooms in functional foods. The nutraceutical benefits of UV irradiation of cultivated species of basidiomycetes to generate high amounts of vitamin D2 is also highlighted and the ability of the muhsrooms to inhibit glycation is analyzed. Finally, attention is paid to studies on bioactivities of some Italian wild and cultivated mushrooms with particular reference to species belonging to the genus Pleurotus. The review highlights the potential of medicinal mushrooms in the production of mycochemicals that represent a source of drugs, nutraceutical, and functional food. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
mushroom, chemical structures, cultivation, nutrition, fungal diversity, mycochemicals
Publication DOI: 10.1007/s11101-021-09748-2Cancer ranks as a primary reason for death worldwide. Conventional anticancer therapies can cause severe side effects, and thus natural products may be promising drug candidates for cancer therapy. Accumulating evidence has verified the prominent anticancer properties of Ganoderma polysaccharides, suggesting that Ganoderma polysaccharides may be effective chemopreventive agents of natural origin. Based on their abilities to prevent cancer development by regulating the DNA damage response, cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, host immunity, gut microbiota and therapeutic sensitivity, there has been increasing interest in elucidating the clinical implication of Ganoderma polysaccharides in cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize recent findings pertaining to the roles of bioactive polysaccharides from Ganoderma in cancer pathogenesis, discuss the multifarious mechanisms involved and propose future directions for research. A more sophisticated understanding of the anticancer benefits of Ganoderma polysaccharides will be helpful for improving current treatments and developing novel therapeutic interventions for human malignancies.
polysaccharides, cancer, Ganoderma, anticancer properties, chemopreventive agents, therapeutic intervention
NCBI PubMed ID: 35865946Mushrooms have progressively transitioned from a rich man's diet to a popular universally accepted nutrient-rich food. Packed with multiple elixirs for health and human welfare, mushrooms have gained paramount importance. Mushroom polysaccharides have now become recognized as the icons of mushroom bioactivity. This being the case, detection, identification, characterization, structural elucidation of these polysaccharides becomes ideally unequivocal. This review briefly highlights the biological importance of mushroom polysaccharides. The analytical techniques currently applied for analysis of mushroom polysaccharides have been consolidated and summarized. The current scenario while using MALDI TOF MS for polysaccharide analysis and further its application for mushroom polysaccharide analysis has been comprehensively gathered and presented for the first time. This pioneering work, based on the accumulated information, addresses the gaps in this application area, points out to the challenges and limitations and proposes future recommendations for widening the prospects for fully utilizing this analytical tool (MALDI-TOF MS).
mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF-MS, mushroom polysaccharides, medicinal properties
Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117095This study systematically investigated the therapeutic effects and the corresponding mechanisms of β-D-glucans from Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) with different molecular weights (Mws) on ulcerative colitis (UC). Results showed that three β-d-glucans (GLPS, GLPN and GLPW) from G. lucidum with different Mws exhibited the significant activities on the reduction of typical symptoms of UC by regulating inflammatory cytokine levels, modulating intestinal immunity, improving intestinal microbiota and metabolism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice model. Among them, the effects of the microwave assisted degraded fraction (GLPW) mainly containing two fractions with smaller Mw (1.33 × 104 and 3.51 × 103 g/mol) on the regulation of inflammatory factors and SCFAs metabolism were found to be comparable to those of GLPN with medium Mw (3.49 × 104 g/mol), and superior to those of GLPS with large Mw (2.42 × 106 g/mol). The effect of GLPW on regulation of intestinal microbiota was even better than that of GLPN. These findings suggested that lowering Mw by means of physical degradation could improve the anti-inflammatory activities of G. lucidum β-d-glucans. The analysis of anti-inflammatory mechanism also provided a feasible and theoretical basis for potential use of degraded β-d-glucans in the prevention and treatment of UC.
molecular weight, Ganoderma lucidum, anti-inflammatory activity, β-D-Glucans, SCFAs metabolism
NCBI PubMed ID: 37597635Poria cocos (PC) refers to a fungal species which is also known as "Fuling" in China. For >2000 years, PC has demonstrated its therapeutic values as a kind of traditional medicine. It is believed that the various biological benefits created by PCs highly rely on the Poria cocos polysaccharide (PCP). This review recapitulates the recent progress made in PCP in four aspects: i) the methods of extraction, separation, and purification, ii) structural characterization and identification, iii) the related bioactivities and mechanism of action, and iv) structure-activity relationships. Through discussion about the objective as mentioned above, it can be found out that PCP is categorized into water-soluble polysaccharide (WPCP) and alkaline-soluble polysaccharide (APCP), which are totally different in structure and bioactivity. The structures of WPCP are multiplicity whose backbone can be (1,6)-α-galactan and (1,3)-β-mannoglucan etc. to perform various bioactivities including anti-tumor effect, anti-depressant effect, anti-Alzheimer effect, anti-atherosclerosis effect, hepatoprotection etc. The structures of APCP are much more single with backbone of (1,3)-β-D-glucan and the studies of activity concentrate on anti-tumor effect, anti-inflammatory effect and immunomodulation. Besides, the future opportunities of WPCP are primary structure identification. For APCP, scholars can focus on the conformation of polysaccharide and its relationship with activity.
bioactivities, Poria cocos, structural features, water-soluble polysaccharide, alkaline-soluble polysaccharide
NCBI PubMed ID: 36871682Polysaccharides are the main polymers in edible fungi Grifola frondosa, playing a crucial role in the physiology and representing the healthy benefits for humans. Recent efforts have well elucidated the fine structures and biological functions of G. frondosa polysaccharides. The recently-rapid developments and increasing availability in fungal genomes also accelerated the better understanding of key genes and pathways involved in biosynthesis of G. frondosa polysaccharides. Herein, we provide a brief overview of G. frondosa polysaccharides and their activities, and comprehensively outline the complex process, genes and proteins corresponding to G. frondosa polysaccharide biosynthesis. The regulation strategies including strain improvement, process optimization and genetic engineering were also summarized for maximum production of G. frondosa polysaccharides. Some remaining unanswered questions in describing the fine synthesis machinery were also pointed out to open up new avenues for answering the structure-activity relationship and improving polysaccharide biosynthesis in G. frondosa. The review hopefully presents a reasonable full picture of activities, biosynthesis, and production regulation of polysaccharide in G. frondosa
biosynthesis, structure, polysaccharide, regulation, activity, glucan, Grifola frondosa
NCBI PubMed ID: 38056754Mushrooms are widely recognized for their significant contributions to human well-being, earning their status as functional foods due to their rich nutritional and therapeutic attributes. These fungi encompass diverse natural constituents, including polysaccharides, glycoproteins, phenolic compounds, and proteins, all exhibiting immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic, prebiotic, and antimicrobial properties. In recent years, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, mushroom and associated secondary metabolites have garnered increased recognition for their efficacy in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. The pandemic has increased a shift in people’s dietary preferences, aligning them more closely with healthier food options and nutritional supplements. Various mushroom species, including Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma species, Pleurotus species, and diverse wild mushrooms, known for their bioactive molecules, notably polysaccharides and proteins, have demonstrated immunomodulatory characteristics through their precise interactions with cellular receptors. Furthermore, ongoing research endeavors are focused on the targeted delivery of bioactive compounds derived from mushrooms, which are responsible for inhibiting cancerous cell growth and enhancing the phenomenon of apoptosis. This research direction is driven by increasing environmental and biological stress, which creates harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS play a pivotal role in disrupting critical mitochondrial signaling pathways, including MAPKs, caspase 3, caspase 9, and others. Numerous components from specific mushroom varieties hold the potential to rectify these pathological conditions and reinstate cellular homeostasis. In summary, the book chapter provides facts about the potential beneficial effect of mushroom extracts and their active compounds and sheds light on the underlying targeted studies in the sector of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals
mushrooms, immunomodulatory, reactive oxygen species, anticarcinogenic
Publication DOI: 10.1007/978-981-97-4600-2_24The fungal cell wall plays a critical role in regulating cellular integrity and communication, and serves as a frontline defense against stress. It is also a prime target for the development of antifungal agents. The cell wall is comprised of diverse polysaccharides and proteins and poses a challenging target for high-resolution structural characterization. Recently, the solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) analysis of intact Aspergillus fumigatus cells has provided atomic-level insights into the structural polymorphism and functional assembly principles of carbohydrate components within the cell wall. This physical perspective, alongside structural information from biochemical assays, offers a renewed understanding of the cell wall as a highly complex and dynamic organelle. Here, we summarize key conceptual advancements in the structural elucidation of A. fumigatus mycelial and conidial cell walls and their responses to stressors. We also highlight underexplored areas and discuss the opportunities facilitated by technical advancements in ssNMR spectroscopy
polysaccharide, carbohydrate, cell wall, glucan, Aspergillus, fungi, antifungal, chitin, solid-state NMR
Publication DOI: 10.3390/jof10030219As a result of the study, branched polysaccharides were isolated from the basidiomycete raw materials of Ganoderma lucidum. It has been established that the isolated fractions contain branched polysaccharides in the form of complexes with melanin. After purification of polysaccharides by ion-exchange chromatography, two fractions were obtained from basidial raw materials: neutral polysaccharides GW-1 with a yield of 25.71% and anionic polysaccharides GW-2, the yield of which was 5.26%, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the obtained samples were studied by IR and UV spectroscopy. The degree of purity of the obtained fractions of branched polysaccharides was established. Using gas chromatography, one-dimensional (13C NMR, 1H NMR) and two-dimensional (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) NMR spectroscopy, the composition and molecular structure of the obtained polysaccharide samples were determined. The results showed that the isolated and purified polysaccharides are branched glucans with 1,4,6- and 1,3,6-bonds between glucopyranose units. Pharmacotoxicological studies were carried out on white outbred mice and it was found that the resulting polysaccharides belong to class V, practically non-toxic compounds (LD50³ 2000 mg/kg). Isolated polysaccharides (GW) are promising biologically active components, on the basis of which it is possible to create drugs with hepatoprotective and antitumor activity
β-glucan, Basidiomycetes, fruit body, physical and chemical characteristics
Publication DOI: 10.1134/S1068162024010011Two cellulases of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei, cellobiohydrolase II (CBHII, EC 3.2.1.91) and endoglucanase I (EGI, EC 3.2.1.4), produced in recombinant strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were tested in the hydrolysis of cellulose, xylan and other polymeric substrates. Both enzymes were active against unsubstituted, insoluble cellulose. CBHII had greater activity than EGI against crystalline cellulose, whereas in the case of amorphous substrate the order was reversed. Evidence for synergism was obtained when mixtures of the two enzymes were used with a constant total protein dosage. The EGI was also active against soluble substituted cellulose derivatives, whereas the activity of CBHII against these substrates was insignificant. Both enzymes were active against barley (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan, but were inactive against (1→3,1→6)-β-glucan (laminarin). An apparent low mannan-degrading activity of EGI against locust-bean (Ceratonia siliqua) gum galactomannan was not confirmed when homopolymeric mannan was used as substrate in a prolonged hydrolysis test. EGI exhibited considerably greater activity against insoluble, unsubstituted hardwood xylan than against amorphous cellulose. Soluble 4-O-methyl-glucuronoxylan was also attacked by EGI, although to a somewhat lesser extent than the unsubstituted xylan. By comparison with two purified xylanases of T. reesei, EGI produced xylo-oligosaccharides with a longer mean chain length when acting on both substituted and unsubstituted xylan substrates. CBHII was inactive against xylan.
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