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Secondary metabolites of higher fungi (mushrooms) are an underexplored resource compared to plant-derived secondary metabolites. An increasing interest in mushroom natural products has been noted in recent years. This chapter gives a comprehensive overview of the secondary metabolites from higher fungi, with 765 references highlighting the isolation, structure elucidation, biological activities, chemical syntheses, and biosynthesis of pigments, nitrogen-containing compounds, and terpenoids from mushrooms. Mushroom toxins are also included in each section.In a section on pigments of higher fungi, pigments are classified into four categories, namely, those from the shikimate-chorismate, acetate-malonate, and mevalonate biosynthetic pathways, and pigments containing nitrogen, with 145 references covering the years 2010-2016.In a section on other nitrogen-containing compounds of higher fungi, compounds are categorized primarily into nitrogen heterocycles, nucleosides, non-protein amino acids, cyclic peptides, and sphingolipids, with 65 references covering the years 2010-2016. In turn, in a section describing terpenoids of higher fungi, the sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids are thoroughly elaborated, spanning the years 2001-2016, and 2009-2016, respectively. The divergent biosynthetic pathways from farnesyl pyrophosphate to sesquiterpenoids are also described. Selected triterpenoids with novel structures and promising biological activities, including lanostanes and ergostanes, are reported from the genus Ganoderma, and the fungi Antrodia cinnamomea and Poria cocos. In addition, cucurbitanes and saponaceolides are also compiled in this section.

biosynthesis, biological activity, chemical synthesis, mushrooms, secondary metabolites, higher fungi, triterpenoids, diterpenoids, mushroom toxins, nitrogen-containing compounds, pigments, sesquiterpenoids

NCBI PubMed ID: 28762089
Publication DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59542-9_1
Journal NLM ID: 101605200
Publisher: Wien: Springer
Correspondence: liujikai@mail.scuec.edu.cn
Institutions: State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China

Background: Natural products acquire vast and intriguing structural diversity and have been recognized as a tremendously diverse source of new lead compounds. Numerous bioactive secondary metabolites are present in the form of glycosylated molecules in which the sugar parts are normally associated with the interaction along with molecular recognition of the cellular target. Scope and approach: The presence of sugar entities are crucial as well as in some cases necessary, for therapeutic effects. Establishing novel and potent glycosylated secondary metabolites has formed a main goal in the natural product field from fungi and bacteria. These compounds possess a diverse range of sugar units. Key findings and conclusions: Fungi is considered one of the important sources for approved drugs with a diverse range of mode of action. The sugar part in numerous pharmacologically active natural products enhances bioavailability, biological potential, reduce toxicity, and improve stability. The vast majority of glyocosides showed antimicrobial effects, cytotoxic, antiviral and antiinflammatory effects. Notably, numerous fungal glycosides presented in this review illustrate significant antimicrobial effects towards various microorganisms especially against plant pathogens. The antimicrobial effects of these fungal glycosides indicate that these metabolites could be employed as natural preservatives in food in order to abolish or control the growth of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms.

glycoside, antimicrobial, fungi, food preservative, secondary metabolites

Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.029
Journal NLM ID: 9426004
Publisher: Cambridge, UK: Elsevier Trends Journals
Correspondence: Hussain H ; Hussain H ; Xiao J ; Xiao J
Institutions: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany, Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China, Department Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) H12, Islamabad, Pakistan, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa, Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain

Four new tetracyclic diterpene glycosides, namely, sordarins C-F (1-4), and three new γ-lactone polyketides, namely, xylogiblactones A-C (5-7), along with sordarin were isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of the fermented broths of Xylotumulus gibbisporus YMJ863. The structures of 1-7 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analyses. The configurations of 1-4 were deduced by NOESY, molecular modeling, and comparison with the literature. The relative configurations of 5-7 were deduced by X-ray crystallographic analysis of 5. Compounds 1-5 and sordarin were evaluated in an antifungal assay using Candida albicans ATCC 18804, C. albicans ATCC MYA-2876, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 2345, and only sordarin exhibited significant antifungal activities against these fungal strains, with MIC values of 64.0, 32.0, and 32.0 μg/mL, respectively. The effect of compounds 1-7 and sordarin on the inhibition of NO production in lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages was also evaluated. Compounds 2 and sordarin inhibited NO production with IC50 values of 327.2±46.6 and 157.1±24.1 μM, respectively.

antifungal, sordarin, Xylotumulus gibbisporus

NCBI PubMed ID: 24597849
Publication DOI: 10.1021/np400523k
Journal NLM ID: 7906882
Publisher: American Society of Pharmacognosy
Correspondence: Lee TH
Institutions: National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Tsuzuki Institute for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, IR, MS, HPLC, HMBC, COSY, NOESY