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Found 1 structure.
Displayed structure 1
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Structure type: monomer
Trivial name: guanosine
Compound class: nucleoside
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_141493
The genus Cordyceps, which comprises a group of insect parasitizing fungi, is regarded as an important component of traditional Chinese medicines and extensively investigated for its pharmacological actions. A wide range of natural products such as proteins, cyclic peptides, polyamines, nucleosides, polysaccharides, and sterols have been reported to be present in Cordyceps. Nucleosides cordycepin and its analogs, polysaccharides, and sterols are the major bioactive compounds in Cordyceps, which are associated with multiple pharmacological effects, such as anticancer, immunomodulatory, aphrodisiac, and hypoglycemic properties. Most of the health benefits of Cordyceps were reported from in vitro and in vivo animal experiments and a few clinical trials. Cordyceps is considered as generally safe for human use and has a potential to be used as adjunctive therapy in diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and renal failure; however, no well-defined toxicological studies have been published. Because of significant structural and compositional variation among bioactive compounds and the potential of contamination/adulteration, quality control of Cordyceps or Cordyceps-based dietary supplements is critical to ensure its safety and efficacy. This review highlights the recent advances in profiling the bioactive compounds from Cordyceps sinensis, their pharmacological properties, and quality control of this supplement.
Cordyceps sinensis, quality control, cordycep in pharmacology, active components
Publication DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-59603-1.00013-8Determination of nucleosides is important for the quality control of Cordyceps species due to their physiological and pharmacological actions. Herein, a simple and rapid reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (RP-HPLC-DAD) method was developed for simultaneous determination of eleven nucleosides, i.e. uracil, cytidine, uridine, inosine, guanosine, adenine, thymine, adenosine, 2’-deoxyuridine, 2’-deoxyadenosine, and 3’-deoxyadenosine. The separation was performed on a Shimadzu VP-ODS column (4.6 × 250 mm i.d. 5 μm) using a gradient elution with a methanol/water mobile phase in 14 min. The calibration curves of 11 analytes showed good linearity with high correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.9997) within the test ranges. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 11 analytes were less than 0.01 μg/mL. The overall relative standard deviations for intra- and inter-day were lower than 2.7 and 5.0%, respectively. Under the developed method, it was found adenosine was the most abundant nucleoside, and two unique nucleosides, i.e. 2’-deoxyuridine, and 2’-deoxyadenosine were detected in cultured medicinal macrofungus C. taii. This work demonstrated that the developed method has been successfully applied for the rapid analysis of nucleosides in cultured Cordyceps, and is expected to be used for the quality control of related pharmaceutical products.
Cordyceps, RP-HPLC-DAD, nucleosides, quantitative detection
WWW link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280520171_Simple_and_Rapid_Method_for_Simultaneous_Determination_of_Eleven_Nucleosides_and_Nucleobases_in_Medicinal_Macrofungus_Cordyceps_taiiA reliable ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the fast simultaneous determination of 13 nucleosides and nucleobases in Cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis) with 2-chloroadenosine as internal standard was developed and validated. Samples were ultrasonically extracted in an ice bath thrice, and the optimum analyte separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC(TM) HSS C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) with gradient elution. All targeted analytes were separated in 5.5 min. Furthermore, all calibration curves showed good linear regression (r > 0.9970) within the test ranges, and the limits of quantitation and detection of the 13 analytes were less than 150 and 75 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intra- and inter-day precisions were <6.23%. Recoveries of the quantified analytes ranged within 85.3%-117.3%, with RSD < 6.18%. The developed UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was successfully applied to determine nucleosides and nucleobases in 11 batches of C. sinensis samples from different regions in China. The range for the total content in the analyzed samples was 1329-2057 µg/g
Cordyceps sinensis, nucleosides, UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS, nucleobases
NCBI PubMed ID: 26690105The purpose of this study was to investigate the bacterial community of wild Cordyceps cicadae and explore its effect on the production of N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA) and three nucleosides in C. cicadae. Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyse the bacterial community in wild C. cicadae. After C. cicadae was isolated and bacteria were isolated from wild C. cicadae, we identified four bacterial strains that independently altered HEA and nucleoside production in a coculture with C. cicadae and four bacteria separately. After cocultivation, the HEA yield from C. cicadae increased markedly. The bacteria in wild C. cicadae did not produce HEA, and the levels of three nucleosides decreased significantly. Both 16S rRNA and community analyses showed close evolutionary relationships and high abundance ratios for the four selected bacterial strains. Some bacteria exist in wild C. cicadae and have a high abundance ratio. Moreover, the isolated bacteria inhibited the growth of C. cicadae and prevented the production of HEA in axenic cultures. We discuss the bacterial community in wild C. cicadae and provide a new way to increase HEA production in C. cicadae by coculture with bacterial strains isolated from wild C. cicadae.
coculture, nucleosides, Cordyceps cicadae, illumina high-throughput sequencing, N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine
NCBI PubMed ID: 31463998Cordyceps cicadae is an entomogenous fungus that has been used as a valuable traditional Chinese herbal tonic, however, it can be difficult to discern the false from the genuine. In this study, the macroscopic IR fingerprint methods containing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and second derivative infrared spectroscopy (SD-IR) were used to elucidate wild C. cicadae. The TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method was used to comprehensively evaluate C. cicadae from different geographical origins based on the macroscopic infrared spectroscopy (IR) fingerprint. The FT-IR spectra of C. cicadae exhibited the major characteristics of the absorptive peaks of carbohydrates, lipids and nucleosides at the position of 3291, 2925, 2845, 1651, 1547, 1455, 1080 and 950 1/cm. The high resolution of SD-IR further amplified the difference and revealed the potentially characteristic IR absorption spectrum. TOPSIS evaluation showed that C. cicadae from Anhui possess the strongest intensity of absorption bands among all the samples. Notably, FT-IR combined with SD-IR can effectively reveal the overall chemical components without damaging medicinal materials, and TOPSIS methods can provide a novel scientific evidence for comprehensively assessing different origins of wild C. cicadae.
Cordyceps cicadae, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), geographical origins, second derivative infrared spectroscopy (SD-IR), TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method
NCBI PubMed ID: 30785045Cultured Cordyceps militaris is very popular. To gain dynamic insight into activity markers in fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) in Bombyx mori (B. mori), also named silkworm. The development stages of samples at 3, 9, 12, 19, 27, and 33 days after inoculation (DAI) were collected. HPLC coupled with diode array detection and evaporative light-scattering detection method (HPLC-DAD-ELSD) was used to determine eight makers, including six nucleosides and two carbohydrates from the samples. C. militaris cultured 33 DAI with fifth star silkworm larva could accumulate higher levels of cordycepin (13.43 mg/g) than the highest reported cordycepin (8.57 g/L). The contents of cordycepin, adenosine, and trehalose were gradually increased with the formation of C. militaris fruiting bodies on silkworm larva, while mannitol was decreased. The change of guanosine was similar to uracil. Results suggested that mannitol could be accumulated in a short period during mycelium growth and could metabolize and transform into energy store and trehalose during fruit body formation. The inosine in the insect was completely utilized and transformed. The synergistic formation of cordycepin and adenosine or differences in metabolized pathways are a great possibility according to the same trend. Highlights: This research offered some reference to further find a certain regularity or metabolic mechanism.
Cordyceps militaris, cordycepin, adenosine, HPLC-DAD-ELSD, Bombyx mori
NCBI PubMed ID: 30442223A rapid, sensitive and reliable indicator displacement assay (IDA) for specific detection of 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine (2'-dAde and 3'-dAde), the latter is also known as cordycepin, was established. The formation of inclusion complex between protonated acridine orange (AOH+) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) resulted in the hypochromic shift of fluorescent emission from 530 nm to 512 nm. Addition of cordycepin to the highly fluorescent AOH+/CB7 complex resulted in a unique tripartite AOH+/CB7/dAde complex with diminished fluorescence, and such reduction in emission intensity serves as the basis for our novel sensing system. The detection limits were 11 and 82 μM for 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine, respectively. The proposed method also demonstrated high selectivity toward 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine, owing to the inability of other deoxynucleosides, nucleosides and nucleotides commonly found in Cordyceps spp. to displace the AOH+ from the AOH+/CB7 complex, which was confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), UV-Visible and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. Our method was successfully implemented in the analysis of cordycepin in commercially available Ophiocordyceps and Cordyceps supplements, providing a novel and effective tool for quality assessment of these precious fungi with several health benefits.
fluorescence, detection, fungi, cordycepin, acridine orange, cucurbit uril, indicator displacement assay
NCBI PubMed ID: 32353945Nucleosides and related compounds have vital physiological and pharmacological activities. In this study, on-line preconcentration using electrokinetic supercharging (EKS)-sweeping method was proposed to enhance the efficiency of the capillary electrophoresis separation of the nucleosides and related compounds. The separation conditions, including the pH of the borate buffer (terminating electrolyte), the concentration and pH of the phosphate buffer (leading electrolyte), the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the electrokinetic injection (EKI) time, were investigated in detail. The optimum EKS-sweeping conditions were as follows: 40 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 2.0 containing 50 mM SDS as the BGE, 120 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 2.0 as the leading electrolyte, 30 mM borate buffer at pH 12.0 as the terminating electrolyte, and EKI of the sample at −10 kV for 30 s. The separation was performed by micellar electrokinetic chromatography at −5 kV. Under these conditions, the sensitivity values of five analytes were enhanced from 26 to 109-fold compared to a standard capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) procedure. The intra- and inter-day repeatability values (as the relative standard deviation) were less than 1.1% and 5.2% for the migration time and lower than 4.4% and 4.8% for the peak areas. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for the determination of nucleosides and related compounds in Chinese cordyceps samples.
nucleosides, nucleobases, Chinese cordyceps, electrokinetic supercharging, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, sweeping
Publication DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1725033Cordyceps cicadae (Mig.) Massee is one of the oldest and well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with its uses recorded as far back as the 5th century A.D. For centuries, C. cicadae has been used as food, tonic and folk medicine to treat malaria, palpitations, cancer, fever, diabetes, eye diseases, dizziness, and chronic kidney diseases. Although C. cicadae has been used as TCM for over 1600 years, it is not the most popular amongst the Cordyceps family. Cordyceps Sinensis (C. sinensis) and Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) are the most studied and widely used, with a number of commercially available products derived from these two Cordyceps species. This review seeks to look at the research that has been conducted on C. cicadae over the past 30 years, reporting on the biological activities, development and utilization. This information was compared to that focused on C. sinensis and C. militaris. A literature search was conducted on different scientific search engines including, but not limited to "Web of Science", "ScienceDirect" and "Google Scholar" to identify published data on C. cicadae, I. cicadae, P. cicadae, C. sinensis and C. militaris. Research conducted on C. cicadae over the past two decades have shown that it poses similar biological properties and chemical composition as C. sinensis and C. militaris. C. cicadae has been reported to grow in many geographic locations, as compared to C. sinensis, and can be artificially cultivated via different methods. There exists sufficient evidence that C. cicadae has medicinal benefits and contain bioactive compounds similar to those found on C. sinensis and C. militaris. However, more research and standardization methods are still needed to directly compare C. cicadae with C. sinensis and C. militaris, in order to ascertain the suitability of C. cicadae as an alternative source of Cordyceps products.
Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps sinensis, Cordyceps cicadae (Isaria cicadae), entomogenous fungi, utilization
NCBI PubMed ID: 32305637Product quality control is a prerequisite for ensuring safety, effectiveness, and stability. However, because of the different strain species and fermentation processes, there was a significant difference in quality. As a result, they should be clearly distinguished in clinical use. Among them, the fermentation process is critical to achieving consistent product quality. This study aims to introduce near-infrared spectroscopy analysis technology into the production process of fermented Cordyceps powder, including strain culture, strain passage, strain fermentation, strain filtration, strain drying, strain pulverizing, and strain mixing. First, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the total nucleosides content in the production process of 30 batches of fermented Cordyceps powder, including uracil, uridine, adenine, guanosine, adenosine, and the process stability and interbatch consistency were analyzed with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) fingerprinting, followed by the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with partial least squares regression (PLSR) to establish a quantitative analysis model of total nucleosides for online process monitoring of fermented Cordyceps powder preparation products. The model parameters indicate that the established model with good robustness and high measurement precision. It further clarifies that the model can be used for online process monitoring of fermented Cordyceps powder preparation products.
fermentation, Cordyceps, nucleosides, near-infrared spectroscopy
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