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Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: stachyose
Compound class: glycoside, oligosaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_134624,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_140529,IEDB_141794,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_150068,IEDB_151528,IEDB_190606,IEDB_983931,SB_163,SB_192,SB_7

• Article ID: 9547
  Molnár-Perl I, Pintér-Szakács M, Kövágó Á, Petróczy J "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of the raffinose family of oligosaccharides and their metabolites present in soybeans" - Journal of Chromatography 295 (1984) 433-443
  

  The relative retention times and detector responses of trimethylsilyl-oxzime derivatives of the components of soluble soy saccharides, up to pentasaccharide, on SP-2250 liquid phase are reported. Arabinose, rhamnose, fructose, galactose, glucose, sucrose, cellobiose, galactobiose, melibiose, rafflnose, cellotriose, galactotriose, manninotriose, stachyose, verbascotetraose and verbascose were wll resolved. A gas—liquid chromatographic method for rapid separation and quantitation of the constituents of every member of the rafflnose oligosaccharides, present in soy beans, is described

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87645-7
  Journal NLM ID: 0427043
  Publisher: Amsterdam: Elsevier
  Institutions: Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary, Hajduság Agrarian-Industrial Association, Nádudvar, Hungary
  Methods: GC
  
   
  
  Glycine max
  CSDB ID 138739 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 9707
  Molnár-Perl I, Szakács-Pintér M, Kövágó Á, Petróczy J "Extraction and quantification of the raffinosaccharides in soybean" - Carbohydrate Research 138 (1985) 83-89
  

  The raffinosaccharides and their possible metabolites can be rapidly and quantitatively extracted from soya bean with aqueous 80% methanol, and quantified by g.l.c. after trimethylsilylation or oximation and trimethylsilylation. The procedure has been applied variously to crude, defatted, untreated, heat-treated, and acid-treated soya bean without deproteinisation. l-Arabinose, l-rhamnose, d-fructose, d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose, sucrose, cellobiose, galactobiose, melibiose, raffinose, cellotriose, galactotriose, manninotriose, stachyose, verbascotetraose, and verbascose have been identified and quantified.

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(85)85225-3
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary, Hajduság Agrarian-Industrial Association, Nádudvar, Hungary
  Methods: GLC
  
   
  
  Glycine max var. N.K.S. 1346
  CSDB ID 114379 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 9744
  Nichols MB, Bancal MO, Foley ME, Volenec JJ "Nonstructural carbohydrates in dormant and afterripened wild oat caryopses" - Physiologia Plantarum 88 (1993) 221-228
  

  Nonstructural carbohydrates were determined in both embryo and endosperm of dormant (nongerminating) and afterripened (germinating) intact caryopses of wild oat (Avena fatua L.). No changes in endosperm starch or soluble sugar were observed at the onset of germination (18 h). No changes in glucose, fructose, sucrose or starch within dormant or afterripened embryos correlated with onset of visual germination. In afterripened embryos, depletion of raffinose (18 h), stachyose (18 h) and galactose (24 h) was correlated with germination. In contrast, raffinose-family oligosaccharide levels in dormant embryos remained constant for 7 days following imbibition. Germination of isolated dormant embryos on 88 mM galactose-containing media was accompanied by decreased endogenous levels of raffinose and stachyose. Isolated embryos from dormant caryopses incorporated 14C from 14C-fructose into both raffinose and stachyose during 24 h of imbibition. In contrast, no 14C incorporation into stachyose was observed in embryos from afterripened caryopses. No 14C incorporation into raffinose was observed at 18 and 24 h. When in vitro activities of α galactosidase were measured, no temporal differences between dormant or afterripened caryopses were detected in either embryo or endosperm tissue. Although the mechanism associated with differences in utilization of raffinose and stachyose is yet unidentified, alterations in raffinose-family oligosaccharide metabolism in the embryo appear to be a unique prerequisite for afterripening-induced germination.

  carbohydrate, germination, Afterripening, Avena fatua, dormancy, raffinose, seed, stachyose, wild oat

  Publication DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05492.x
  Journal NLM ID: 1256322
  Publisher: Copenhagen: Scandinavian Society For Plant Physiology
  Institutions: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, Departmentt of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
  Methods: enzymatic assays, bioassays
  
   
  
  Avena fatua
  CSDB ID 145266 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 9867
  Shiomi N, Onodera S, Chatterton NJ, Harrison PA "Separation of fructooligosaccharide isomers by anion-exchange chromatography" - Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 55 (1991) 1427-1428
  
  Journal NLM ID: 0370452
  WWW link: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110006325564
  Publisher: Tokyo: Agricultural Chemical Society Of Japan
  Institutions: Department of Food Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan, U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research, Utah State University, USA
  Methods: HPLC
  
   
  
  Allium cepa, Asparagus officinalis
  CSDB ID 101444 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 9877
  Dini A, De Simone F, Ramundo E, Senatore F "Oligosaccharides in five different Vicia faba L. cultivars" - Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 17 (1989) 559-561
  

  The oligosaccharide composition in seeds of some bean cultivars (two of Vicia faba L. and three of V. faba minor) have been examined. The sugars were isolated by solvent extraction and the concentrated extracts were analysed by PC and HPLC analyses. Characterization was also performed by thin-layer chromatography, enzymatic hydrolysis assays, GC determination of alditol acetate derivatives obtained after complete acid hydrolysis and FAB-MS of individual sucrose α-d galactosides. Although sucrose, raffinose, stachyose and verbascose were always identified, great differences in the total sugar content were found among the five cultivars. Sucrose and verbascose were the major components. Their contents were highest in the Muchamiel cv. (2.30 and 3.05 g/100g of dry bean, respectively). The selection of cultivars is the best way to improve the V. faba quality.

  Oligosaccharides, sucrose, raffinose, stachiose, verbascose, Vicia faba

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(89)90099-9
  Journal NLM ID: 0430442
  Publisher: Pergamon Press
  Institutions: Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Universitá di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
  Methods: FAB-MS, TLC, acid hydrolysis, HPLC, enzymatic digestion, PC
  
   
  
  Vicia faba
  CSDB ID 106867 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 9925
  Akinlosotu A, Akinyele IO "The effect of germination on the oligosaccharide and nutrient content of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata)" - Food Chemistry 39 (1991) 157-165
  

  Two cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds were germinated for 96 h and sampled at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h to determine changes in oligosaccharides as well as energy, protein, ascorbic acid, niacin, thiamin, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, potassium and phosphorus. The results showed that there was a gradual decrease in oligosaccharide content with germination while the level of monosaccharides increased. Protein and energy content increased slightly while calcium and iron decreased with germination. Both ascorbic acid and niacin increased significantly while thiamine decreased significantly. Thus, germination may be a useful process for improving the nutritive value of cowpeas.

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0308-8146(91)90156-I
  Journal NLM ID: 7702639
  Publisher: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers
  Institutions: Department of Human Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  Methods: PC
  
   
  
  Vigna unguiculata
  CSDB ID 126104 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 9926
  Akinyele IO, Akinlosotu A "Effect of soaking, dehulling and fermentation on the oligosaccharides and nutrient content of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata)" - Food Chemistry 41 (1991) 43-53
  

  Two cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds were fermented for 24 h or soaked for 4 h or dehulled and samples obtained to determine changes in oligosaccharides as well as energy, protein, ascorbic acid, niacin, thiamin, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, potassium and phosphorus. The results showed that fermentation caused a 79·7% decrease in the level of verbascose and a 5·9% decrease in stachyose but raffinose increased by 12·8%. Increases in the levels of sucrose (8·1%), fructose (105%) glucose and galactose (56·4%) were observed. Four hour soaking of cowpea seeds in water led to a 49·4% decrease in verbascose, 29·8% in stachyose and 1·0% in raffinose; sucrose increased by 41·9% and fructose by 43% but glucose and galactose levels decreased by 55%. Dehulling of the beans led to a decrease of 76·4% in verbascose, 16·9% in stachyose, 56% in raffinose, 63·6% in glucose and galactose and a 45·9% increase in sucrose. Fermentation led to a significant increase in the levels of thiamin, niacin, phosphorus, energy and protein. Thus, fermentation soaking and dehulling are acceptable methods for decreasing the flatulence properties of cowpeas and increasing acceptability among consumers.

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0308-8146(91)90130-G
  Journal NLM ID: 7702639
  Publisher: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers
  Institutions: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  Methods: PC
  
   
  
  Vigna unguiculata
  CSDB ID 126107 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 9950
  Shahidi F, Naczk M, Myhara RM "Effect of processing on the soluble sugars of Brassica seeds" - Journal of Food Science 55 (1990) 1470-1471
  
  Journal NLM ID: 0014052
  Publisher: Institute of Food Technologists
  
   
  
  Brassica
  CSDB ID 139816 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 9979
  Kato Y, Ikeda N, Iwanami T, Ozaki A, Ohmura K "Change of soybean oligosaccharides in the digestive tract" - Nihon Eiyō Shokuryō Gakkai Shi = Nippon Eiyō Shokuryō Gakkaishi = Journal of Japanese Society of Nutrition and Food Science 44 (1991) 29-35
  
  Journal NLM ID: 100955506
  Publisher: Nihon Eiyo Shokurko Gakkai
  
   
  
  Glycine max
  CSDB ID 144690 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 9991
  Kroen WK, Pharr DM, Huber SC "Root flooding of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) affects fruit sugar concentration but not leaf carbon exchange rate" - Plant and Cell Physiology 32 (1991) 467-473
  
  Journal NLM ID: 9430925
  Publisher: Tokyo: Oxford University Press
  
   
  
  Cucumis melo
  CSDB ID 146883 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10000
  Marini D, Balestrieri F, Flori A "Chemical composition of cucurbit seeds evaluated as potential sources of oil and protein" - La rivista della Società italiana di scienza dell'alimentazione [Italian] 20 (1991) 35-39
  
  Journal NLM ID: 9426947
  Publisher: Roma: Società italiana di scienza dell'alimentazione
  
   
  
  Cucurbita
  CSDB ID 148256 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10003
  Ndzondzi-Bokouango G, Bau HM, Giannangeli F, Debry G "Effect of germination on the chemical composition and nutritive value of faba bean" - Sciences Des Aliments 9 (1989) 785-797
  
  Journal NLM ID: 8301421
  Publisher: Lavoisier Abonnements
  
   
  
  Vicia faba
  CSDB ID 148325 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10571
  Frias J, Hedley CL, Price KR, Fenwick GR, Vidal-Valverde C "Improved methods of oligosaccharide analysis for genetic studies of legume seeds" - Journal of Liquid Chromatography 17 (1994) 2469-2483
  

  The analysis of low molecular weight carbohydrates in single seed of lentils has been carried out using two different high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. One used a reversed-phase column coupled to a refractive index detector (HPLC-RI), while the other utilised an anion-exchange phase column coupled to a triple-pulsed amperometric detector (HPAC-PAD). The latter was found to he more sensitive and could be used for the analysis of very small samples, hence allowing parts of a seed to be analysed and then grown and used for genetic studies.

  Publication DOI: 10.1080/10826079408013494
  Journal NLM ID: 7806595
  Publisher: Dekker
  Institutions: Instituto de Fermentaciones Industrials (CSIC), Madrid, Spain, Department of Applied Genetics, John Innes Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom, Department of Food Molecular Biochemistry, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
  Methods: HPLC-RI, HPAC-PAD
  
   
  
  Lens culinaris
  CSDB ID 140475 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 11417
  Albini FM, Murelli C, Finzi PV, Ferrarotti M, Cantoni B, Puliga S, Vazzana C "Galactinol in the leaves of the resurrection plant Boea hygroscopica" - Phytochemistry 51(4) (1999) 499-505
  

  The content of low molecular weight substances was analysed in leaf samples of the resurrection plant Boea hygroscopica F. Muell, submitted to dehydration. Drying treatment caused a variation in the carbohydrate pool, with a decrease of all sugars except sucrose which notably increased, becoming the prevalent one in dried leaves. Rehydration almost restored the pretreatment sugar composition. Along with more common sugars galactinol and some higher oligosaccharides of the raffinose family were detected. Their structures were assigned by NMR and GC-MS analyses after acetylation. To our knowledge, this is the first finding in resurrection plants of significant amounts of the galactosyl donor galactinol and of higher galactosyl oligosaccharides, which may have a role in restoring the pre-drying functions upon rehydration.

  sugar analysis, Gesneriaceae, Boea hygroscopica, resurrection plants, drought tolerance, galactinol, raffinose family oligosaccharides

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00031-X
  Journal NLM ID: 0151434
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche e Gestione del Territorio Agro-Forestale, P. le Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GC-MS, TLC, GC, acetylation, D/CIMS, COSY, trimethylsilylation
  
   
  
  Boea hygroscopica
  CSDB ID 62671 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 11727
  Bentsink L, Alonso-Blanco C, Vreugdenhil D, Tesnier K, Groot SP, Koornneef M "Genetic analysis of seed-soluble oligosaccharides in relation to seed storability of Arabidopsis" - Plant Physiology 124(4) (2000) 1595-1604
  

  Seed oligosaccharides (OSs) and especially raffinose series OSs (RSOs) are hypothesized to play an important role in the acquisition of desiccation tolerance and consequently in seed storability. In the present work we analyzed the seed-soluble OS (sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) content of several Arabidopsis accessions and thus identified the genotype Cape Verde Islands having a very low RSO content. By performing quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in a recombinant inbred line population, we found one major QTL responsible for the practically monogenic segregation of seed stachyose content. This locus also affected the content of the two other OSs, sucrose, and raffinose. Two candidate genes encoding respectively for galactinol synthase and raffinose synthase were located within the genomic region around this major QTL. In addition, three smaller-effect QTL were identified, each one specifically affecting the content of an individual OS. Seed storability was analyzed in the same recombinant inbred line population by measuring viability (germination) under two different seed aging assays: after natural aging during 4 years of dry storage at room temperature and after artificial aging induced by a controlled deterioration test. Thus, four QTL responsible for the variation of this trait were mapped. Comparison of the QTL genetic positions showed that the genomic region containing the major OS locus did not significantly affect the seed storability. We concluded that in the studied material neither RSOs nor sucrose content had a specific effect on seed storability.

  Arabidopsis, seed polysaccharides, genetic mapping

  NCBI PubMed ID: 11115877
  Publication DOI: 10.1104/pp.124.4.1595
  Journal NLM ID: 0401224
  Publisher: American Society of Plant Biologists
  Correspondence: maarten.koornneef@genetics.dpw.wag-ur.nl
  Institutions: Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School Experimental Plant Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Graduate School Experimental Plant Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Plant Research International, Wageningen-University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
  Methods: PCR, DNA techniques, HPLC, extraction, column chromatography, evaporation, centrifugation, germination assay
  
   
  
  Arabidopsis
  CSDB ID 64920 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 11750
  Cataldi TRI, Margiotta G, Iasi L, Di Chio B, Xiloyannis C, Bufo SA "Determination of sugar compounds in olive plant extracts by anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection" - Analytical Chemistry 72(16) (2000) 3902-3907
  

  We describe a chromatographic method that uses isocratic elution and pulsed amperometric detection to determine soluble carbohydrates in plant tissues. Such a method provides a rapid and convenient means to obtain a complete profile of the sugar components of leaves and roots from olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Coratina) plants. A simple purification of plant extracts using pure water was developed, which is far less time-consuming and retains a high level of accuracy. Excellent separation of myo-inositol, galactinol, mannitol, galactose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose was achieved with an anion-exchange column and 12 mM NaOH spiked with 1 mM barium acetate as an eluent. At a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, the time of analysis was less than 25 min, and repeatability of the method on the order of 2.2% as RSD or better for retention times and lower than 5.2% for peak areas. Recoveries approximated 100% (range 97.2-104.5%), and the method provided good precision with a coefficient of variation which ranged between 0.9 and 3.3%. Among identified carbohydrates extracted from leaves and roots of olive plants, glucose and mannitol were major compounds. Their molar ratio was estimated to be 1.2+/-0.1 and 2.2+/-0.3 for olive leaves and roots, respectively. The occurrence of soluble galactinol in plant tissues was also validated.

  carbohydrates, chromatography, Olea europaea

  NCBI PubMed ID: 10959980
  Publication DOI: 10.1021/ac000266o
  Journal NLM ID: 0370536
  Correspondence: cataldi@unibas.it
  Institutions: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy, Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
  Methods: HPAEC-PAD, extraction
  
   
  
  Olea europaea cv. Coratina
  CSDB ID 65027 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 11753
  Chabrillange N, Dussert S, Engelmann F, Doulbeau S, Hamon S "Desiccation tolerance in relation to soluble sugar contents in seeds of ten coffee (Coffea L.) species" - Seed Science Research 10(3) (2000) 393-396
  

  Large differences in seed desiccation sensitivity have been observed previously among ten coffee species (Coffea arabica, C. brevipes, C. canephora, C. eugenioides, C. humilis, C. liberica, C. pocsii, C. pseudo-zanguebariae, C. sessiliflora and C.stenophylla). Of these species, C. liberica and C. humilis were the most sensitive to desiccation and C. pseudozanguebariae the most tolerant. A study was carried out using the same seed lots to investigate if these differences in desiccation tolerance could be correlated with differences in soluble sugar content. Soluble sugars were extracted from dry seeds and analysed using high performance liquid chromatography. The seed monosaccharide (glucose and fructose) content was very low (1.5 to 2 mg/g dry weight [dw]) in all species studied. The sucrose content ranged from 33 mg/g dw in C. liberica seeds to 89 mg/g dw in seeds of C. pocsii. Raffinose was detected in the seeds of only five species (C.arabica, C.brevipes, C.humilis, C.sessiliflora, C.stenophylla), among which only three species (C.arabica, C.sessiliflora and C.brevipes) also contained stachyose. Both raffinose and stachyose were present in very low quantities (0.3–1.4 mg/g dw and 0.1–0.7 mg/g dw, respectively). Verbascose was never detected. No significant relationship was found between seed desiccation sensitivity and: (i) the sugar content; (ii) the presence/absence of oligosaccharides; and (iii) the oligosaccharide:sucrose ratio.

  oligosaccharide, sugars, sucrose, coffee, Coffea, desiccation sensitivity, desiccation tolerance

  Publication DOI: 10.1017/S0960258500000428
  Journal NLM ID: 101135366
  Publisher: Wallingford, Oxon, UK: C.A.B. International
  Correspondence: dussert@mpl.ird.fr
  Institutions: IRD, GeneTrop, Montpellier, France, IPGRI, Rome, Italy
  Methods: anion-exchange chromatography, extraction, centrifugation
  
   
  
  Coffea arabica, Coffea brevipes, Coffea sessiliflora
  CSDB ID 65030 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 11790
  Clarke E, Wiseman J "Developments in plant breeding for improved nutritional quality of soya beans II. Anti-nutritional factors" - Journal of Agricultural Science 134 (2000) 125-136
  

  Nutritional value of most plant materials is limited by the presence of numerous naturally occurring compounds which interfere with nutrient digestion and absorption. Although processing is employed widely in removal of these factors, selection of cultivars of soya beans with inherently low levels would have a considerable impact on efficiency of non-ruminant livestock production. The review considers the role of plant breeding in achieving this objective. The most abundant trypsin inhibitors are the Kunitz and the Bowman–Birk inhibitors, containing 181 and 71 amino acids respectively. The Kunitz inhibitor is present at a concentration of 1·4 g/kg of total seed contents and the Bowman–Birk inhibitor 1·6 g/kg. A large number of isoforms of the Bowman–Birk inhibitor have been described in soya bean cultivars and it has been shown that the general properties of the inhibitor are, in fact, attributable to different isoforms. Nulls for both Bowman–Birk and Kunitz trypsin inhibitors have been identified, allowing new low trypsin inhibitor cultivars to be produced. However, research into breeding for low trypsin inhibitor cultivars currently has limited application as trypsin inhibitors contribute a major proportion of the methionine content of soya beans. Trypsin inhibitors are thought to be involved in the regulation of and protection against unwanted proteolysis in plant tissues and also act as a defence mechanism against attack from diseases, insects and animals. Hence, in breeding programmes for low trypsin inhibitor cultivars, alternative protection for growing plants must be considered. Use of soya beans in non-ruminant animal feeds is limited by the flatulence associated with their consumption. The principal causes appear to be the low molecular weight oligosaccharides containing α-galactosidic and β-fructosidic linkages; raffinose and stachyose. Non-ruminants do not have the α-galactosidase enzyme necessary for hydrolysing the α-galactosidic linkages of raffinose and stachyose to yield readily absorbable sugars. Soya beans contain between 6·8 and 17·5 g of phytic acid/kg; a ring form of phosphorus (P) which chelates with proteins and minerals to form phytates not readily digested within the gut of non-ruminants. One approach for over-coming the effects of phytic acid is through synthesis of phytase in the seeds of transgenic plants. Currently, recombinant phytase produced in soya beans is not able to withstand the processing temperatures necessary to inactivate proteinaceous anti-nutritional factors present. Soya bean lectins have the ability to bind with certain carbohydrate molecules (N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and galactose) without altering the covalent structure. Lectins are present in raw soya bean at a concentration of between 10 and 20 g/kg. Purified soya bean agglutinin is easily inactivated by hydrothermal treatment but in complex diets binding with haptenic carbohydrates may confer protection against denaturation. The majority of research into soya bean lectins is carried out using laboratory animals so very limited information is available on their in vivo effects in farm animals. This review is concerned specifically with breeding but there are other means of improving nutritive value, for example processing which may alter protein structure and therefore functionality of proteinaceous anti-nutritional factors present.

  Oligosaccharides, soybean, lectins, carbohydrate content

  Publication DOI: 10.1017/S0021859699007443
  Journal NLM ID: 101266743
  Publisher: Tartu: EPMÜ Loomakasvatusinstituut
  Correspondence: julian.wiseman@nottingham.ac.uk
  Institutions: School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
  
   
  
  Glycine max
  CSDB ID 65167 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 11901
  Gulewicz P, Ciesiołka D, Frias J, Vidal-Valverde C, Frejnagel S, Trojanowska K, Gulewicz K "Simple method of isolation and purification of α-galactosides from legumes" - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48(8) (2000) 3120-3123
  

  A simple method for the isolation and purification of alpha-galactosides, raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), from legumes has been developed. The method includes (i) imbibition of seeds, (ii) extraction with 50% ethanol, (iii) precipitation of RFOs, (iv) purification of RFOs on diatomaceous earth and charcoal, and (v) cation-exchange chromatography. The described method allows one to obtain high purity RFO preparations (90% for lentil and 80% for pea seeds, determined by HPLC-RI analysis) in the form of white, fine powder. Yields of alpha-galactosides isolated from 100 g of seeds of lentil and pea were 5.6 and 4.3 g, respectively.

  pea, lentil, α-galactosides, raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs)

  NCBI PubMed ID: 10956079
  Publication DOI: 10.1021/jf000210v
  Journal NLM ID: 0374755
  Publisher: American Chemical Society
  Correspondence: Gulewicz K
  Institutions: Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Agricultural University, Poznań, Poland, Phytochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, PAS, Poznań, Poland, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain, Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, PAS, Olsztyn, Poland
  Methods: TLC, HPLC, extraction, column chromatography, precipitation, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, spectrophotometry, evaporation, centrifugation, cation-exchange chromatography
  
   
  
  Pisum sativum cv. Kastor, Lens culinaris
  CSDB ID 65644 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 12242
  Norwood M, Truesdale MR, Richter A, Scott P "Photosynthetic carbohydrate metabolism in the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum" - Journal of Experimental Botany 51(343) (2000) 159-165
  

  The resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum (Hochst) is able to survive almost complete tissue dehydration when water is withheld from it, and then can rehydrate rapidly on rewatering. This ability is believed to be the result of the accumulation of sucrose in aerial tissues as a result of metabolism of 2-octulose. In this work the metabolic activity of well-watered Craterostigma plantagineum plants has been investigated. It is shown that Craterostigma makes raffinose series oligosaccharides as a product of photosynthesis and translocates them in the phloem. Evidence is also provided that 2-octulose is a product of photosynthesis and accumulates in the leaves over the light period and is mobilized at night. Thus 2-octulose acts as a temporary storage carbohydrate in leaves during photosynthesis in a similar fashion to starch in most C3 plants. Other potential roles of 2-octulose are discussed. Other than these observations Craterostigma plants are very similar to other C3 plants under these conditions.

  Carbohydrate Metabolism, resurrection plants, Craterostigma, octulose

  NCBI PubMed ID: 10938822
  Publication DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.343.159
  Journal NLM ID: 9882906
  Publisher: Oxford University Press
  Correspondence: Scott P
  Institutions: School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, Chemical Physiology of Plants, Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
  Methods: GC-MS, biological assays, radiolabeling, radioactivity measurement, enzymatic digestion, extraction, enzymatic assay, spectrophotometry
  
   
  
  Craterostigma plantagineum
  CSDB ID 67180 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 12248
  Oboh HA, Muzquiz M, Burbano C, Cuadrado C, Pedrosa MM, Ayet G, Osagie AU "Effect of soaking, cooking and germination on the oligosaccharide content of selected Nigerian legume seeds" - Plant Foods For Human Nutrition 55(2) (2000) 97-110
  

  The identity and quantity of and effect of processing on raffinose oligosaccharides in raw, mature seeds of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus), pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan), African yam beans (Sphenostylis sternocarpa) and jackbeans (Canavalia ensiformis) were investigated. Sucrose, raffinose, stachyose and verbascose were identified by HPLC in all the legume seeds. The total alpha-galactoside contents of the seeds in decreasing order were African yam beans 3.84 mg/100 mg; white lima beans 3.62 mg/100 mg; cream pigeon peas 3.51 mg/100 mg; red lima beans 3.37 mg/100 mg; jackbeans 2.83 mg/100 mg and brown pigeon peas 2.34 mg/100 mg. The predominant oligosaccharide was verbascose in pigeon peas and stachyose in the other three legumes. Cooking unsoaked seeds brought about a greater reduction in the total alpha-galactoside content than soaking for nine hours. The removal of oligosaccharides was higher in legumes cooked in alkaline solution than in water. Germination quantitatively reduced raffinose, stachyose and verbascose while sucrose was increased in all seeds except red lima beans and jackbeans.

  Oligosaccharides, raffinose, stachyose, verbascose, legumes, processed

  NCBI PubMed ID: 10898479
  Publication DOI: 10.1023/a:1008133531726
  Journal NLM ID: 8803554
  Publisher: Kluwer Academic
  Institutions: Area de Tecnología de Alimentos, Madrid, Spain, Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
  Methods: HPLC, extraction, germination assay
  
   
  
  Phaseolus lunatus, Cajanus cajan, Sphenostylis stenocarpa, Canavalia ensiformis
  CSDB ID 67195 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 12407
  Sprenger N, Keller F "Allocation of raffinose family oligosaccharides to transport and storage pools in Ajuga reptans: the roles of two distinct galactinol synthases" - Plant Journal: for Cell and Molecular Biology 21(3) (2000) 249-258
  

  Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are important phloem transport and storage carbohydrates for many plants. Ajuga reptans, a frost-hardy evergreen labiate, ideally combines these two physiological roles and served as our model plant to study the regulation and importance of RFO metabolism. Galactinol is the galactosyl donor for the synthesis of raffinose (RFO-trisaccharide) and stachyose (RFO-tetrasaccharide), and its synthesis by galactinol synthase (GolS) is the first committed step of the RFO biosynthetic pathway. Two cDNAs encoding two distinct GolS were isolated from A. reptans source and sink leaves, designated GolS-1 and GolS-2, respectively. Warm- and cold-grown sink and source leaves were compared, revealing both isoforms to be cold-inducible and GolS-1 to be source leaf-specific; GolS-1 expression correlated positively with GolS activity. Conversely, GolS-2 expression was comparatively much lower and its contribution to the total extractable GolS activity is most probably only minor. These observations, together with results from phloem exudation and leaf shading experiments suggest that GolS-1 is mainly involved in the synthesis of storage RFOs and GolS-2 in the synthesis of transport RFOs. Furthermore, in situ hybridization studies showed GolS-1 to be primarily expressed in the mesophyll, the site of RFO storage, and GolS-2 in the phloem-associated intermediary cells known for their role in RFO phloem loading. A model depicting the spatial compartmentation of the two GolS isoforms is proposed.

  biosynthesis, raffinose, stachyose, galactinol, Ajuga reptans, galactinol synthase (GolS)

  NCBI PubMed ID: 10758476
  Publication DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00671.x
  Journal NLM ID: 9207397
  Publisher: Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishers and BIOS Scientific Publishers for the Society for Experimental Biology
  Correspondence: Keller F
  Institutions: Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  
   
  
  Ajuga reptans
  CSDB ID 68009 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 12428
  Svobodová H, Lipavská H, Albrechtová J "Non-structural carbohydrate status in Norway spruce buds in the context of annual bud structural development as affected by acidic pollution" - Environmental and Experimental Botany 43(3) (2000) 253-265
  

  The present study focused on changes in the annual dynamics of the contents of non-structural saccharides (NSS) of Norway spruce vegetative buds related to their structural development under the effect of acidic pollution during the year 1995. Two types of material were analysed: (1) 4-year-old trees treated for 2 years by simulated acid rain (SAR; pH 2.9 and 3.9), and (2) 40-60-year-old trees growing in natural mountain stands exhibiting different degrees of macroscopic damage. Our study revealed that the dynamics of the NSS content reflected the major morphogenetic and developmental changes occurring during the annual bud developmental cycle. No systematic changes in the annual dynamics of NSS content were observed in buds from both mountain sites, or as a consequence of the SAR. The total sugar content of bud tissues was composed of a combination of five main sugar components: sucrose, glucose, fructose, raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO; combination of raffinose and stachyose), and a pinitol fraction (PF) probably of cyclitols with pinitol as a main member. The dynamics of individual sugar components also reflected possible carbohydrate mediated bud frost protection. Interesting results were obtained from buds in dormant state. In dormant buds of the SAR experiment the higher value of the ratio PF:RFO of the pinitol fraction and raffinose family oligosaccharides followed the higher dose of SAR treatment. When evaluating the ratio from both types of material we assumed that changes in PF:RFO ratio corresponded to early stages of damage or acute metabolic reaction. Thus, we suggest the ratio PF:RFO as a possible non-specific metabolic marker of early bud stress reaction which is, among other stress factors, sensitive to increasing load of acidic pollutants.

  acid rain; Picea abies; pinitol; raffinose; starch; sugars

  NCBI PubMed ID: 10725524
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/s0098-8472(99)00062-3
  Journal NLM ID: 7610775
  Publisher: Oxford, Elmsford, New York, Pergamon Press
  Correspondence: albrecht@natur.cuni.cz
  Institutions: Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
  Methods: biological assays, HPLC, extraction
  
   
  
  Picea abies
  CSDB ID 68072 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 12430
  Szczeciński P, Gryff-Keller A, Horbowicz M, Lahuta LB "Galactosylpinitols isolated from vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) seeds" - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48(7) (2000) 2717-2720
  

  Three α-galactosides of d-pinitol: 1d-O-(α-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→2)-4-O-methyl-chiro-inositol, 1, 1d-O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-4-O-methyl-chiro-inositol, 2, and 1d-O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-4-O-methyl-chiro-inositol, 3, present in vetch seeds, were isolated, purified, and quantitatively determined using column and high-resolution gas chromatography. Their structures were established by 1H and 13C NMR 1D and 2D techniques.

  NMR; α-galactosides; pinitol

  NCBI PubMed ID: 10898611
  Publication DOI: 10.1021/jf000182g
  Journal NLM ID: 0374755
  Publisher: American Chemical Society
  Institutions: Research Institute of Vegetable Crops, Skierniewice, Poland, Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw, Poland, Warmia and Masuria University, Department of Biology, Olsztyn, Poland
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, TLC, enzymatic hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, HPLC, optical rotation measurement, HR-FAB-MS
  
   
  
  Vicia villosa
  CSDB ID 68080 (all data & tools)