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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: galactan
Compound class: EPS, O-polysaccharide, O-antigen, cell wall polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136095,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_149176,IEDB_151528,IEDB_190606,IEDB_885812,SB_7

• Article ID: 1041
  Nagaoka M, Hashimoto S, Shibata H, Kimura I, Kimura K, Sawada H, Yokokura T "Structure of a galactan from cell walls of Bifidobacterium catenulatum YIT4016" - Carbohydrate Research 281(2) (1996) 285-291
  

  A structural study was carried out on a galactose-rich polysaccharide fraction isolated from cell walls of Bifidobacterium catenulatum YIT4016 after N-acetylmuramidase digestion. The polysaccharide contained galactose and glucosamine in a molar ratio of 16.9:1.0. Data obtained by 13C NMR spectroscopy showed that the backbone chain of this polysaccharide is composed of galactofuranose residues, while the branches consist of galactopyranosyl residues. Furthermore, the data obtained from NaIO4 oxidation, partial methanolysis and methylation analysis indicated that this polysaccharide consists of a trisaccharide repeating unit having the following structure: [sequence: see text]

  structure, polysaccharide, cell, cell wall, Bifidobacterium, Galactan, D-galactose, furanose

  NCBI PubMed ID: 8721149
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi-shi,Tokyo 186, Japan.
  Methods: methylation, NMR-2D, partial acid hydrolysis, NMR
  
   
  
  Bifidobacterium catenulatum YIT 4016
  CSDB ID 3743 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 1778
  Knirel YA, Kochetkov NK "The structure of lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria. III. The structure of O-antigens: A review" - Biochemistry (Moscow) 59(12) (1994) 1325-1383
  

  This review summarizes data on the composition and structure of the O-antigens, the polysaccharide chains of the outer-membrane lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria defining the immunospecificity of these microbial cells. Special reference is given to some structural features of the O-antigens, such as the presence of unique monosaccharides and noncarbohydrate components, masked regularity, and the occurrence in one microorganism of LPS with structurally different polysaccharide chains. Antigenic relationships between microorganisms belonging to different taxonomic groups are discussed.

  structure, O-antigen, chemical composition, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, Salmonella livingstone C1

  NCBI PubMed ID: 7533007
  Journal NLM ID: 0376536
  Publisher: Nauka/Interperiodica
  Institutions: Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  
   
  
  Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 12
  CSDB ID 108564 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 1931
  Beynon LM, Perry MB, Richards JC "Structure of the O-antigen of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 12 lipopolysaccharide" - Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69(2) (1991) 218-224
  

  The structure of the O-antigen of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 12 was determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods, methylation analysis, and partial hydrolytic degradation. The O-polysaccharide was shown to consist of a trisaccharide repeating unit having the structure [formula in text].

  Lipopolysaccharide, antigen, polysaccharide, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

  Publication DOI: 10.1139/v91-035
  Journal NLM ID: 0372705
  Publisher: National Research Council of Canada Canada
  Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, GLC-MS, gel filtration, NMR-2D, sugar analysis, TLC, HF treatment
  
   
  
  Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 12 (NRCC 4267)
  CSDB ID 112335 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4329
  Knirel YA "Structure of O-antigens" - Book: Bacterial lipopolysaccharides: Structure, chemical synthesis, biogenesis and interaction with host cells (2011) Chapter 3, 41-115
  

  The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major constituent of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Its lipid A moiety is embedded in the membrane and serves as an anchor for the rest of the LPS molecule. The outermost repetitive glycan region of the LPS is linked to the lipid A through a core oligosaccharide (OS), and is designated as the O-specific polysaccharide (O-polysaccharide, OPS) or O-antigen. The O-antigen is the most variable portion of the LPS and provides serological specificity, which is used for bacterial serotyping. The OPS also provides protection to the microorganisms from host defenses such as complement mediated killing and phagocytosis, and is involved in interactions of bacteria with plants and bacteriophages. Studies of the OPSs ranging from the elucidation of their chemical structures and conformations to their biological and physico-chemical properties help improving classification schemes of Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, these studies contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of infectious diseases, as well as provided information to develop novel vaccines and diagnostic reagents.

  Lipopolysaccharide, synthesis, lipopolysaccharides, structure, Bacterial, host, O-antigen, O antigen, cell, O antigens, O-antigens, chemical, interaction, cells, PDF, chemical synthesis, biogenesis

  Publication DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0733-1_3
  Publisher: Springer
  Correspondence: knirel@ioc.ac.ru
  Editors: Knirel YA, Valvano MA
  Institutions: Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  
   
  
  Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 12
  CSDB ID 27719 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4434
  Perry MB, Altman E, Brisson JR "Structural caharacteristics of the antigenic capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides involved in the serological classification of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae strains" - Serodiagnosis and Immunotherapy in Infectious Disease 4 (1990) 299-308
  

  The detailed structures of the specific capsular polysaccharides and cellular lipopolysaccharides of the 12 known serotypes of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae are presented and their serological relationships are discussed together with their significance in the control of swine pleuropneumonia.

  lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharides, capsules, Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0888-0786(90)90018-J
  Journal NLM ID: 8707525
  Publisher: London; Orlando: Academic Press
  Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0R6
  Methods: serological methods
  
   
  
  Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 12
  CSDB ID 28819 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4682
  Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, Sanchez B, Milani C, Ventura M, Margolles A, Ruas-Madiedo P "Genomic Overview and Biological Functions of Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis in Bifidobacterium spp" - Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80(1) (2014) 9-18
  

  For many years, bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) have received considerable scientific attention, mainly due to their contribution to biofilm formation and, above all, because EPS are potential virulence factors. In recent times, interest in EPS research has enjoyed a welcome boost thanks to the discovery of their ability to mediate communication processes with their surrounding environment and to their contribution to host health maintenance. In this review, we provide a fresh perspective on the genetics and activity of these polymers in members of the Bifidobacterium genus, a common gut inhabitant of humans and animals that has been associated with several health-promoting effects. Bifidobacteria can use EPS to protect themselves against the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, thus improving their persistence in the host. Indeed, the relevant function of EPS for bifidobacteria is underlined by the fact that most genomes sequenced until now contain genes related to EPS biosynthesis. A high interspecies variability in the number of genes and structural organization is denoted among species/subspecies; thus, eps clusters in this genus do not display a consensus genetic architecture. Their different G+C content compared to that of the whole genome suggests that eps genes have been acquired by horizontal transfer. From the host perspective, EPS-producing bifidobacteria are able to trigger both innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are able to modulate the composition and activity of the gut microbiota. Thus, these polymers seem to be critical in understanding the physiology of bifidobacteria and their interaction with the host.

  cluster, exopolysaccharide, Bifidobacterium, immune response, virulence factor, Biofilm, Bacterial exopolysaccharides, EPS biosynthesis

  NCBI PubMed ID: 24123746
  Publication DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02977-13
  Journal NLM ID: 7605801
  Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
  Correspondence: ruas-madiedo@ipla.csic.es
  Institutions: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lacteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
  
   
  
  Bifidobacterium catenulatum YIT 4016
  CSDB ID 30264 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5832
  Pyclik M, Srutkova D, Schwarzer M, Gorska S "Bifidobacteria cell wall-derived exo-polysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycans, polar lipids and proteins - their chemical structure and biological attributes" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 147 (2020) 333-349
  

  A variety of health benefits has been documented to be associated with the consumption of probiotic bacteria, namely bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Thanks to the scientific advances in recent years we are beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria in general and probiotic bacteria in particular act as host physiology and immune system modulators. More recently, the focus has shifted from live bacteria towards bacteria-derived defined molecules, so called postbiotics. These molecules may represent safer alternative compared to the live bacteria while retaining the desired effects on the host. The excellent source of effector macromolecules is the bacterial envelope. It contains compounds that are pivotal in the adhesion phenomenon, provide direct bacteria-to-host signaling capacity and the associated physiological impact and immunomodulatory properties of bacteria. Here we comprehensively review the structure and biological role of Bifidobacterium surface and cell wall molecules: exopolysaccharides, cell wall polysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, polar lipids, peptidoglycans and proteins. We discuss their involvement in direct signaling to the host cells and their described immunomodulatory effects.

  exopolysaccharide, Bacterial antigens, Bifidobacterium, peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, probiotics

  NCBI PubMed ID: 31899242
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.227
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: schwarzer@biomed.cas.cz; sabina.gorska@hirszfeld.pl
  Institutions: Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland, Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
  
   
  
  Bifidobacterium catenulatum YIT4016
  CSDB ID 6476 (all data & tools)