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1. (Article ID: 3380)
 
Leone S, Silipo A, Nazarenko EL, Lanzetta R, Parrilli E, Molinaro A
Molecular structure of endotoxins from Gram-negative marine bacteria: An update
Marine Drugs 5(3) (2007) 85-112
 

Marine bacteria are microrganisms that have adapted, through millions of years, to survival in environments often characterized by one or more extreme physical or chemical parameters, namely pressure, temperature and salinity. The main interest in the research on marine bacteria is due to their ability to produce several biologically active molecules, such as antibiotics, toxins and antitoxins, antitumor and antimicrobial agents. Nonetheless, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), or their portions, from Gram-negative marine bacteria, have often shown low virulence, and represent potential candidates in the development of drugs to prevent septic shock. Besides, the molecular architecture of such molecules is related to the possibility of thriving in marine habitats, shielding the cell from the disrupting action of natural stress factors. Over the last few years, the depiction of a variety of structures of lipids A, core oligosaccharides and O-specific polysaccharides from LPSs of marine microrganisms has been given. In particular, here we will examine the most recently encountered structures for bacteria belonging to the genera Shewanella, Pseudoalteromonas and Alteromonas, of gamma-Proteobacteria phylum, and to the genera Flavobacterium, Cellulophaga, Arenibacter and Chryseobacterium, of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides phylum. Particular attention will be paid to the chemical features expressed by these structures (characteristic monosaccharides, non-glycidic appendages, phosphate groups), to the typifying traits of LPSs from marine bacteria and to the possible correlation existing between such features and the adaptation, over years, of bacteria to marine environments.

Lipopolysaccharide, lipid A, O-polysaccharide, endotoxin, Marine bacteria, marine bacteriae

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2. (Article ID: 4430)
 
Liparoti V, Molinaro A, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, Nazarenko EL, Gorshkova RP, Ivanova EP, Shevcenko LS, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M
Structural analysis of the deep rough lipopolysaccharide from gram negative bacterium Alteromonas macleodii ATCC 27126T: The first finding of b-Kdo in the inner core of lipopolysaccharides
European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2006(20) (2006) 4710-4716
 

Alteromonas macleodii ATCC 27126T is a Gram-negative marine bacterium isolated from a sea water sample collected from around the Hawaiian Islands. The structure of the lipooligosaccharide derived from its outer membrane has been fully determined using either alkaline or acid hydrolysis. Alkaline treatment, aimed at recovering the complete carbohydrate backbone, was carried out by mild hydrazinolysis (de-O-acylation) followed by de-N-acylation using hot KOH and furnished a single core glycoform. Mild acid hydrolysis was employed to obtain the lipid A moiety which was selectively de-O-acylated and analysed to determine its primary structure. The structural elucidation of both fractions was carried out by chemical analyses, 2D NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and revealed a novel lipooligosaccharide with an unusual structure.

Lipopolysaccharide, Marine bacteria, Alteromonas macleodii

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