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1. (Article ID: 3738)
 
MacLean LL, Perry MB, Chen W, Vinogradov E
The structure of the polysaccharide O-chain of the LPS from Acinetobacter baumannii strain ATCC 17961
Carbohydrate Research 344(4) (2009) 474-478
 

The gram-negative bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii strain ATCC17961 has been used by several laboratories in mouse models of respiratory A. baumannii infection, and a study of the role of its lipopolysaccharide in the pathogenicity is of interest. The structure of the O-deacylated polysaccharide O-chain component of its LPS has been determined by 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods, and by the structural identification of oligosaccharides obtained by sequential application of the Smith degradation of the O-antigen. The O-chain was determined to be a polymer of a branched pentasaccharide repeating unit composed of 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-d-glucuronic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose, d-glucose, and d-galactose, and has the following structure: (see text).

Lipopolysaccharide, NMR, LPS, structure, polysaccharide, O-antigen, Acinetobacter, Baumannii

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2. (Article ID: 3846)
 
Ferrero MA, Aparicio LR
Biosynthesis and production of polysialic acids in bacteria
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 86(6) (2010) 1621-1635
 

Polysialic acids (PA) are protective capsular sialohomopolymers present in some bacteria which can invade the mammalian host and cause lethal bacteremia and meningitis. Biosynthesis and translocation of PA to the cell surface are equivalent in different species and bacterial strains which are produced. The diversity in PA structure is derived from the PA linkages and is a consequence of the specific sialyltransferase activities. The monomer acetylation and the polymer length could be important factors in the potential virulence. In vivo PA production is affected by different physical and chemical factors. The temperature of cellular growth strictly regulates PA genesis through a molecular complex and multifactorial mechanism that operate to transcription level.

Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, N-acetylneuraminic acid, polysialic acids

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3. (Article ID: 3847)
 
Gajdus J, Glosnicka R, Szafranek J
Primary structure of Salmonella spp. O-antigens
Wiadomosci Chemiczne [Polish] 60(9-10) (2006) 621-653
 

Salmonella spp. are pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria that belong to Enterobacteriaceae family with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a constituent of cell wall. This is an integral component of the outer membrane of the wall. Salmonella smooth (S) forms produce LPS, which is composed of three parts, chemically bonded together viz. polysaccharide O-antigen, oligosaccharide core region and lipid A. Antigens O (O-PS) together with H flagella antigens are the foundation of serological classification of these bacteria. O-chain, which is built with up to 50 oligosaccharide repeating units, is one of the products of mild acidic hydrolysis of LPS. Due to the fact that polysaccharide antigens are the sites of specific antibody complexing, any difference in primary and secondary structures of O-antigens reflect serological specificity of bacteria. Taking this fact into consideration, we can distinguish about 2541 Salmonella serotypes with O and H antigenic formulas defined [4]. In this review we present 55 chemical structures of O-antigenic repeating units of Salmonella strains including their heterogeneity structures. The structures can have 22 different monosaccharide residues usually in 3 to 6 sugar repeating units. We describe here selected chemical and spectroscopic (MS, NMR) methods for primary structure examination of these bacterial O-PS. Enzymatic and immunochemical methods are also described. Cross-reactions of Salmonella spp. with any other bacteria or blood group A, B, 0 antigens are explained on the molecular level. Thus, structural assignments of somatic antigens of Salmonella spp. allow us to understand the molecular level of the classification system of these bacteria.

NMR spectroscopy, O-antigens, Salmonella, MS, primary structure

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4. (Article ID: 3848)
 
Gargiulo V, Morando MA, Silipo A, Nurisso A, Perez S, Imberty A, Canada FJ, Parrilli M, Jiménez-Barbero J, De Castro C
Insights on the conformational properties of hyaluronic acid by using NMR residual dipolar couplings and MD simulations
Glycobiology 20(10) (2010) 1208-1216
 

The conformational features of hyaluronic acid, a key polysaccharide with important biological properties, have been determined through the combined used of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular modeling techniques. A decasaccharide fragment of sodium hyaluronate (HA) was submitted to 3.5 ns of molecular dynamics in explicit water environment form. The same decasaccharide was prepared by hyaluronidase digestion for the experimental study. The approach consisted in the measurements of NMR residual dipolar coupling (RDC) which were used to filter the molecular dynamics data by retaining those structures which were in agreement with the experimental observations. Further analysis of the new conformer ensemble (HA(RDC)) and clustering the molecules with respect to their overall length led to seven representative structures, which were described in terms of their secondary motifs, namely the best fitting helix geometry. As a result, this protocol permitted the assessment that hyaluronic acid can adopt two different arrangements, which can be described by a three- or four-folded left-handed helix, with a higher occurrence of the first one.

molecular, molecular dynamics, POLYS, RDC, three-foldedhelix, XCluster

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