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Taxonomic group: fungi / Basidiomycota (Phylum: Basidiomycota)
Associated disease: infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans [ICD11: XN3EH

]

Publication DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374546-0.00022-5
Publisher: San Diego USA: Elsevier
Editors: Moran AP, Holst O, Brennan P, Von Itzstein M
Institutions: Washington University, Sch Med, St Louis, Missouri, USA

The glycobiology of eukaryotes presents a tremendous diversity of structures and functions, which is well-exemplified within the fungal kingdom. Glycans of fungi include a broad variety of protein-linked structures, extensive polymers that comprise cell walls, molecules for energy storage and elaborate surface structures that help pathogens evade the host immune response. Many of these molecules and the processes they mediate are essential to the survival of the organism. This chapter addresses the biosynthesis of these fascinating compounds. The most detailed studies of glycan and glycoconjugate biosynthesis in fungi have been performed in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae; many of the discoveries made in this yeast have provided insight into related mechanisms in other fungi as well as eukaryotes in general. These studies serve as the core of this chapter, with attention drawn to known variations on the biosynthetic processes as they occur in other fungal species. Significant differences in glycan biosynthesis between fungi and mammals are also highlighted, as these provide clues to potential drug targets in the case of fungal pathogens.

capsule, glucan, glycogen, Trehalose, O-linked glycosylation, N-linked glycosylation, fungi, chitin, yeast, Glycosylinositol phosphorylceramide, Glycophosphatidylinositol, Glycosylceramide

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit ; 100000
Location inside paper: p.408, fig.22.8, GalXM
Compound class: CPS, O-polysaccharide, galactoxylomannan (GXM), galactoxylomannan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_114701,IEDB_130701,IEDB_134624,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_144983,IEDB_145668,IEDB_151528,IEDB_152206,IEDB_164174,IEDB_167188,IEDB_174332,IEDB_190606,IEDB_983930,SB_163,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_197,SB_44,SB_67,SB_7,SB_72,SB_88

Comments, role: review; absolute configurations and ring sizes were assumed; repeating units of GalXM

Related record ID(s): 41753, 42129, 42130, 42131, 42132
NCBI Taxonomy refs (TaxIDs): 5207
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G10258DN
Show glycosyltransferases

There is only one chemically distinct structure:

[*]OC[C@H]1O[C@H](OC[C@H]2O[C@H](OC[C@H]3O[C@H](OC[C@H]4O[C@H]([*])[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]5O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O[C@H]6O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]7O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]7O)[C@@H]6O)[C@H](O)[C@H]5O)[C@H]4O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O[C@H]4O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]5O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]6OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]6O)[C@@H]5O)[C@@H]4O[C@@H]4OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O)[C@H](O[C@@H]4OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O)[C@H]3O)[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O

SVG MW SMILES 3D mol Ionize

Taxonomic group: fungi / Basidiomycota (Phylum: Basidiomycota)
Organ / tissue: capsule
Associated disease: infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans [ICD11: XN3EH

]

NCBI PubMed ID: 19426855
Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2164(09)01204-0
Journal NLM ID: 0370413
Publisher: Academic Press
Correspondence: ozaragoza

isciii.es
Institutions: Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA, Nuclear Medicine Department, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA, Medicine Deparment. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

The capsule of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans has been studied extensively in recent decades and a large body of information is now available to the scientific community. Well-known aspects of the capsule include its structure, antigenic properties and its function as a virulence factor. The capsule is composed primarily of two polysaccharides, glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) and galactoxylomannan (GalXM), in addition to a smaller proportion of mannoproteins (MPs). Most of the studies on the composition of the capsule have focused on GXM, which comprises more than 90% of the capsule's polysaccharide mass. It is GalXM, however, that is of particular scientific interest because of its immunological properties. The molecular structure of these polysaccharides is very complex and has not yet been fully elucidated. Both GXM and GalXM are high molecular mass polymers with the mass of GXM equaling roughly 10 times that of GalXM. Recent findings suggest, however, that the actual molecular weight might be different to what it has traditionally been thought to be. In addition to their structural roles in the polysaccharide capsule, these molecules have been associated with many deleterious effects on the immune response. Capsular components are therefore considered key virulence determinants in C. neoformans, which has motivated their use in vaccines and made them targets for monoclonal antibody treatments. In this review, we will provide an update on the current knowledge of the C. neoformans capsule, covering aspects related to its structure, synthesis and particularly, its role as a virulence factor.

Cryptococcus neoformans, Glucuronoxylomannan, galactoxylomannan, cryptococcosis, fungus vaccine

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit ; 100000
Location inside paper: Fig.3
Compound class: CPS, O-polysaccharide, galactoxylomannan (GXM), galactoxylomannan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_114701,IEDB_130701,IEDB_134624,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_144983,IEDB_145668,IEDB_151528,IEDB_152206,IEDB_164174,IEDB_167188,IEDB_174332,IEDB_190606,IEDB_983930,SB_163,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_197,SB_44,SB_67,SB_7,SB_72,SB_88

Related record ID(s): 43806, 43807, 43808, 43809, 43810, 43811, 43812
NCBI Taxonomy refs (TaxIDs): 5207
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G10258DN
Show glycosyltransferases

There is only one chemically distinct structure:

SVG MW SMILES 3D mol Ionize