Mushrooms are widely distributed around the world and are heavily consumed because of their nutritional value and medicinal properties. Polysaccharides (PSs) are an important component of mushrooms, a major factor in their bioactive properties, and have been intensively studied during the past two decades. Monosaccharide composition/combinations are important determinants of PS bioactivities. This review summarizes: (i) monosaccharide composition/combinations in various mushroom PSs, and their relationships with PS bioactivities; (ii) possible biosynthetic pathways of mushroom PSs and effects of key enzymes on monosaccharide composition; (iii) regulation strategies in PS biosynthesis, and prospects for controllable biosynthesis of PSs with enhanced bioactivities.

biosynthesis, regulation, structure-activity relationship, Monosaccharide composition, bioactivity, mushroom polysaccharides

There is only one chemically distinct structure:

SVGMWSMILES3D molIonize

 

Warning = sub-repeat ending at aDGalp: unknown unit count was assumed to be 3
Warning = sub-repeat ending at aDGalp: unknown unit count was assumed to be 3
Warning = sub-repeat ending at aDGalp: unknown unit count was assumed to be 3
Warning = sub-repeat ending at aDGalp: unknown unit count was assumed to be 3
*O[C@H]1[C@@H](CO[C@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)O[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H](CO[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]3O)O[C@H](O[C@H]3[C@@H](CO[C@H]4O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]4O)O[C@H](O[C@H]4[C@@H](CO[C@H]5O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]5O)O[C@H](O[C@H]5[C@@H](CO[C@H]6O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]6O)O[C@H](O[C@H]6[C@@H](CO[C@@H]7O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]7O)O[C@H](O[C@H]7[C@@H](CO[C@@H]8O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]8O)O[C@H](O[C@H]8[C@@H](CO[C@@H]9O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]9O)O[C@H](O[C@H]9[C@@H](CO[C@@H]%10O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%10O)O[C@H](O[C@H]%10[C@@H](CO[C@@H]%11O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%11O)O[C@H](O[C@H]%11[C@@H](COC%12OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%12O)O[C@H](O[C@H]%12[C@@H](COC%13OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%13O)O[C@H](O[C@H]%13[C@@H](COC%14OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%14O)O[C@H](O[C@H]%14[C@@H](COC%15OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%15O)O[C@H](O[C@H]%15[C@@H](COC%16OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%16O)O[C@H](O[C@H]%16[C@@H](COC%17O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]%17O)O[C@H](O[C@H]%17[C@@H](COC%18O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]%18O)O[C@H](O[C@H]%18[C@@H](COC%19O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]%19O)O[C@H](O[C@H]%19[C@@H](COC%20O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]%20O)O[C@H](O[C@H]%20[C@@H](COC%21O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]%21O)O[C@H](*)[C@H](O)[C@H]%20O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%19O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%18O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%17O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%16O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%15O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%14O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%13O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%12O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%11O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%10O)[C@H](O)[C@H]9O)[C@H](O)[C@H]8O)[C@H](O)[C@H]7O)[C@H](O)[C@H]6O)[C@H](O)[C@H]5O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O

A water soluble heteroglycan (PS-II) of an average molecular weight ~5.2×10(4)Da was isolated from the alkaline extract of an edible mushroom Entoloma lividoalbum (Kühner & Romagn) Kubička. Structural characterization of PS-II was carried out using sugar and methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. Sugar analysis indicated the presence of glucose, mannose, galactose, and fucose in a molar ratio of nearly 5:1:2:1. The repeating unit of the PS-II had a backbone consisting of two (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl, one (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl, one (1→2)-α-L-fucopyranosyl, one (1→6)-α-d-glucopyranosyl, and two (1→6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl residues, out of which one (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O-6 position with terminal β-D-glucopyranosyl residue and one (1→6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl residue was branched at O-2 position with terminal β-D-mannopyranosyl residue. PS-II showed ameliorative activities at different concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400μg/ml) and maintained the redox balance as well as reduced the lipid peroxidation to protect the cell destruction.

NMR studies, biological activities, Edible mushrooms, heteroglycan, Entoloma lividoalbum (Kühner & Romagn) Kubička

13C NMR data:
Linkage	Residue	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6
6,6,6,2,6,3	bDGlcp	102.9	72.9	84.5	69.6	75.6	60.8
6,6,6,2,6,6	bDGlcp	103.0	73.1	75.6	69.6	75.9	60.8
6,6,6,2,6	bDGlcp	102.5	72.9	84.3	69.6	75.0	68.8
6,6,6,2	bDGlcp	102.7	73.1	75.6	69.6	75.0	69.0
6,6,6	aLFucp	98.3	78.2	69.6	71.8	67.2	15.7
6,6,2	bDManp	101.7	70.4	73.1	67.2	76.2	61.2
6,6	aDGalp	98.3	77.1	69.6	69.2	68.5	66.8
6	aDGalp	101.6	68.3	69.6	69.2	68.5	66.9
	aDGlcp	98.3	71.8	75.0	69.6	70.4	67.6


1H NMR data:
Linkage	Residue	H1	H2	H3	H4	H5	H6
6,6,6,2,6,3	bDGlcp	4.73	3.30	3.71	3.43	3.47	3.70-3.90
6,6,6,2,6,6	bDGlcp	4.47	3.29	3.47	3.36	3.46	3.68-3.87
6,6,6,2,6	bDGlcp	4.49	3.48	3.70	3.42	3.61	3.82-4.16
6,6,6,2	bDGlcp	4.48	3.29	3.45	3.44	3.61	3.84-4.19
6,6,6	aLFucp	5.03	3.75	3.87	3.82	4.16	1.21
6,6,2	bDManp	4.77	4.07	3.61	3.55	3.38	3.74-3.90
6,6	aDGalp	5.11	3.94	3.96	4.12	4.22	3.61-3.90
6	aDGalp	5.04	3.76	4.02	4.12	4.22	3.68-3.92
	aDGlcp	4.99	3.82	3.61	3.59	4.07	4.02-4.16


1H/13C HSQC data:
Linkage	Residue	C1/H1	C2/H2	C3/H3	C4/H4	C5/H5	C6/H6
6,6,6,2,6,3	bDGlcp	102.9/4.73	72.9/3.30	84.5/3.71	69.6/3.43	75.6/3.47	60.8/3.70-3.90
6,6,6,2,6,6	bDGlcp	103.0/4.47	73.1/3.29	75.6/3.47	69.6/3.36	75.9/3.46	60.8/3.68-3.87
6,6,6,2,6	bDGlcp	102.5/4.49	72.9/3.48	84.3/3.70	69.6/3.42	75.0/3.61	68.8/3.82-4.16
6,6,6,2	bDGlcp	102.7/4.48	73.1/3.29	75.6/3.45	69.6/3.44	75.0/3.61	69.0/3.84-4.19
6,6,6	aLFucp	98.3/5.03	78.2/3.75	69.6/3.87	71.8/3.82	67.2/4.16	15.7/1.21
6,6,2	bDManp	101.7/4.77	70.4/4.07	73.1/3.61	67.2/3.55	76.2/3.38	61.2/3.74-3.90
6,6	aDGalp	98.3/5.11	77.1/3.94	69.6/3.96	69.2/4.12	68.5/4.22	66.8/3.61-3.90
6	aDGalp	101.6/5.04	68.3/3.76	69.6/4.02	69.2/4.12	68.5/4.22	66.9/3.68-3.92
	aDGlcp	98.3/4.99	71.8/3.82	75.0/3.61	69.6/3.59	70.4/4.07	67.6/4.02-4.16

There is only one chemically distinct structure:

SVGMWSMILES3D molIonize

 

*O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO[C@@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3O)O[C@@H](OC[C@H]3O[C@@H](O[C@@H]4[C@H](OC[C@H]5O[C@H](OC[C@H]6O[C@H](OC[C@H]7O[C@H](*)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]7O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]6O)[C@H](O[C@@H]6O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]6O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]5O)O[C@@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]4O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]3O)[C@@H]2O)[C@@H]1O

1443.27 g/mol (C₅₄H₉₀R₂O₄₄, R = next and previous repeats, not counted in mol weight)