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Taxonomic group: fungi / Basidiomycota (Phylum: Basidiomycota)
Organ / tissue: fruiting body

NCBI PubMed ID: 3804534
Publication DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(86)90093-7
Journal NLM ID: 7904799
Publisher: Elsevier
Institutions: Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical School of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary, Institute of Biophysics, University of Medical School of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan

Lentinan, an immunopotentiating polysaccharide, stimulated the pinocytosis of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or FITC-dextran by resident or thioglycollate-elicited mouse macrophages from 10 to 50% in a dose dependent manner. Pinocytosis of HRP and FITC-dextran by C4M phi cells, a murine macrophage cell line, exhibiting a lower basic pinocytic activity than peritoneal cells, was augmented up to 310 and 120%, respectively, by lentinan. Mannan inhibited the HRP uptake by peritoneal macrophages via specific mannose receptors. This inhibitory effect was partly abolished, when lentinan was also added to the cells. Mannan was not able to inhibit pinocytosis of HRP by C4M phi macrophages, indicating little or no mannose receptor activity on these cells. Pinocytosis of FITC-dextran was not affected by mannan. Lentinan, opsonized in mouse sera inhibited the uptake of HRP by peritoneal macrophages by 30-35%. Opsonized lentinan and mannan added together caused 60% inhibition of HRP uptake in peritoneal macrophages indicating a possible functional relationship between the mannose and C3b receptors. The results demonstrate that lentinan activates the pinocytic function of macrophages predominantly via specific β-glucan receptors. These mechanisms may contribute to the antitumor and immunopotentiating action of lentinan and other glucan-type polysaccharides.

pinocytosis

Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Location inside paper: lentinan, p.919
Trivial name: lentinan
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, glucan, polysaccharide, β-glucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_161167,IEDB_2278476,IEDB_2278477,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

Methods: biological assay, pinocytosis assay
Biological activity: increases pinocytosis of resident macrophages and C4MØ cells dose dependently, even at very low concentrations; opsonized lentinan, in contrast to its non-opsonized form, failed to stimulate C4MØ macrophages
Comments, role: lentinan also was opsonized with mouse sera

Related record ID(s): 45376, 45377, 45378, 45379, 45380, 45383, 45385, 45387, 45388, 45389, 45390, 45391, 45392, 45393, 45394, 45395, 45396, 45397, 45398, 45399, 45405, 45408, 48347, 48358, 48474, 48490, 49209
NCBI Taxonomy refs (TaxIDs): 5353
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G14698DR
Show glycosyltransferases

There is only one chemically distinct structure:

*O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]3[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]4[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]5[C@@H](O)[C@H](*)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]5O)O[C@H](CO[C@@H]5O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]5O)[C@H]4O)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]3O)O[C@H](CO[C@@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3O)[C@H]2O)[C@@H]1O

SVG MW SMILES 3D mol Ionize

Taxonomic group: fungi / Basidiomycota (Phylum: Basidiomycota)
Organ / tissue: fruiting bodies

The structure was elucidated in this paper
NCBI PubMed ID: 29168863
Publication DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01389b
Journal NLM ID: 101549033
Publisher: Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry
Correspondence: Huang HH <fehhuang

scut.edu.cn>
Institutions: School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, Guangdong Apollo Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, Agrobiological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China

A novel polysaccharide fraction (HEP-S) was extracted and isolated from the fruiting bodies of Hericium erinaceus. Structural characterization revealed that HEP-S had an average molecular weight of 1.83 x 10^4 Da and consisted of rhamnose, fucose, mannose, glucose and galactose at a molar ratio of 1.47 : 0.93 : 1.36 : 8.68 : 4.08. Periodate oxidation-Smith degradation and NMR analysis showed that the main linkage types of HEP-S were composed of (1→)-α-D-Glc, (1→3,4)-α-D-Glc, (1→6)-α-D-Gal, (1→3,4)-β-D-Man, (1→3,6)-α-Rha and (1→2)-β-L-Fuc. The immunomodulatory assay indicated that HEP-S could significantly enhance the pinocytic and phagocytic capacity and promote the secretion of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines by activating the corresponding mRNA and protein expression in RAW 264.7 cells involving a toll-like receptor 2 membrane receptor. Besides, HEP-S was also found to improve the adaptive immune function by enhancing T and B lymphocyte proliferation and increasing the interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interferon-. secretion in spleen lymphocytes. These results suggested that HEP-S could be used as a potential immunoregulatory agent in functional foods.

Chain conformation, macrophage activation, Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide, in-vitro antioxidant, Orientalis l. franco, lepidium-meyenii, dendrobium-huoshanense, cordyceps-militaris, signaling pathways, antitumor-activity

Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 18300
Location inside paper: p. 300, column 1, paragraph 2, table 1, HEP-S
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136105,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_137485,IEDB_1394181,IEDB_141794,IEDB_142488,IEDB_142489,IEDB_144562,IEDB_144983,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_151528,IEDB_152206,IEDB_152214,IEDB_158539,IEDB_190606,IEDB_225177,IEDB_885823,IEDB_983930,IEDB_983931,SB_192,SB_44,SB_7,SB_72,SB_86

Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, extraction, RT-PCR, statistical analysis, CC, dialysis, cytokine production, HPGPC, precipitation, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, HMBC, centrifugation, MTT, phagocytosis assay, HSQC, FT-IR, splenocyte proliferation assay, pinocytosis assay, ion exchange column
Comments, role: a?Rhap is erroneously reported as 3,6-substituted, which is impossible; there is no certainty in article about assignment of linkages; published erroneous NMR spectra were removed by CSDB staff due to multiple errors in the NMR assignment

NCBI Taxonomy refs (TaxIDs): 91752
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G75695OG
Show glycosyltransferases

NMR conditions: in D2O at 298(C) K [as TSV]

1H NMR data:
missing...

¹³C NMR data: present in publication with incorrect assignment

There are 12 chemically distinct structures. Please, select:

*O[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC[C@H]2O[C@H](O[C@H]3[C@H](O[C@H]4O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H]4[C@H](O[C@H]5O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]5O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]5[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](C)O[C@@H]5*)O[C@@H]4CO)O[C@@H]3CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O

SVG MW SMILES 3D mol Ionize

Taxonomic group: fungi / Basidiomycota (Phylum: Basidiomycota)
Organ / tissue: fruiting body

The structure was elucidated in this paper
NCBI PubMed ID: 32933694
Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116874
Journal NLM ID: 8307156
Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: Chen Z <zhongzhengch

scau.edu.cn>; Xie Y <xieyizhen

126.com>
Institutions: Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China, Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China

Ganoderma leucocontextum is a new species of Ganoderma discovered in 2014. Up to now, the structural characteristics and immunoregulatory activity of its polysaccharides remain virtually unknown. In this study, a water-soluble polysaccharide termed, GLP-3, was purified from G. leucocontextum by ultrafiltration and column chromatography. The results revealed that GLP-3 mainly consisted of glucose (92.7 %) and its weight average molecular weight was 159.7 kDa. The structural analysis indicated that the backbone of GLP-3 was →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→4,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ with a β-Glcp-(1→ branch. Atomic force microscopy and Congo red experiments revealed that GLP-3 might possess a globular structure with triple-helix conformation in water. Moreover, GLP-3 was recognized by toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and exerted immunomodulatory effects via activating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Collectively, these results suggested that GLP-3 could be developed as a potential functional food ingredient for immunomodulation.

structure, polysaccharide, Toll-Like Receptor 2, Immunostimulatory activity, Ganoderma leucocontextum

Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 159700
Location inside paper: Fig. 2, C, Table 2
Compound class: glucan, polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_140629,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_420417,IEDB_420418,IEDB_420421,IEDB_857742,IEDB_983931,SB_192

Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, NMR-2D, IR, GC-MS, X-ray, inhibition studies, ELISA, acid hydrolysis, Western blotting, UV, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), extraction, acetylation, methylation analysis, reduction, CC, dialysis, determination of NO production, cytokine production, cell viability assay, HPGPC, precipitation, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, m-hydroxydiphenyl colorimetric method, Bradford method, evaporation, Congo Red assay, DEPT, Sevag method, centrifugation, phagocytosis assay, AFM, filtration, thermogravimetric analysis, pinocytosis assay, chromogenic LAL assay
Biological activity: polysaccharide possessed significant immunomodulatory activities by enhancing pinocytic and phagocytic capacities and promoting NO, cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-10) and chemokine (CXCL5, MIP-2 and MCP-1) production

NCBI Taxonomy refs (TaxIDs): 1566825
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G68863RF
Show glycosyltransferases

NMR conditions: in D2O [as TSV]

13C NMR data:
Linkage	Residue	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6
6,4	aDGlcp	101.14	72.88	74.58	78.35	72.53	61.95
6	aDGlcp	101.14	72.88	74.58	78.35	72.53	61.95
4	bDGlcp	101.66	72.81	75.54	69.20	71.54	60.33
	bDGlcp	101.77	73.09	75.54	77.00	71.12	66.97


1H NMR data:
Linkage	Residue	H1	H2	H3	H4	H5	H6
6,4	aDGlcp	5.32	3.56	3.89	3.57	3.78	3.78
6	aDGlcp	5.32	3.56	3.89	3.57	3.78	3.78
4	bDGlcp	4.40	3.19	3.45	3.37	3.52	3.68-3.82
	bDGlcp	4.43	3.25	3.45	3.60	3.78	3.57


1H/13C HSQC data:
Linkage	Residue	C1/H1	C2/H2	C3/H3	C4/H4	C5/H5	C6/H6
6,4	aDGlcp	101.14/5.32	72.88/3.56	74.58/3.89	78.35/3.57	72.53/3.78	61.95/3.78
6	aDGlcp	101.14/5.32	72.88/3.56	74.58/3.89	78.35/3.57	72.53/3.78	61.95/3.78
4	bDGlcp	101.66/4.40	72.81/3.19	75.54/3.45	69.20/3.37	71.54/3.52	60.33/3.68-3.82
	bDGlcp	101.77/4.43	73.09/3.25	75.54/3.45	77.00/3.60	71.12/3.78	66.97/3.57

¹H NMR data:

Linkage	Residue	H1	H2	H3	H4	H5	H6
6,4	aDGlcp	5.32	3.56	3.89	3.57	3.78	3.78
6	aDGlcp	5.32	3.56	3.89	3.57	3.78	3.78
4	bDGlcp	4.40	3.19	3.45	3.37	3.52	3.68 3.82
	bDGlcp	4.43	3.25	3.45	3.60	3.78	3.57

¹³C NMR data:

Linkage	Residue	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6
6,4	aDGlcp	101.14	72.88	74.58	78.35	72.53	61.95
6	aDGlcp	101.14	72.88	74.58	78.35	72.53	61.95
4	bDGlcp	101.66	72.81	75.54	69.20	71.54	60.33
	bDGlcp	101.77	73.09	75.54	77.00	71.12	66.97

There is only one chemically distinct structure:

*O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@@H]3[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@@H]4[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@@H]5[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O[C@@H]6[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](OC[C@H]7O[C@@H](*)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]7O[C@@H]7O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]7O)[C@H](O)[C@H]6O)[C@H](O)[C@H]5O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O

SVG MW SMILES 3D mol Ionize

Warning = sub-repeat ending at aDGlcp: large unit count (17) was reduced to 5