Cell surface carbohydrates have been proven optimal targets for vaccine development. Conjugation of polysaccharides to a carrier protein triggers a T-cell dependent immune response to the glycan moiety. Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are produced by chemical conjugation of capsular polysaccharides to prevent meningitis caused by meningococcus, pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b. However, other classes of carbohydrates (O-antigens, exopolysaccharides, wall/teichoic acids) represent attractive targets for developing vaccines.Recent analysis from WHO/CHO underpins alarming concern towards antibiotic resistant bacteria, such as the so called ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) and additional pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and Group A Streptococcus. Fungal infections are also becoming increasingly invasive for immunocompromised patients or hospitalized individuals. Other emergencies could derive from bacteria which spread during environmental calamities (Vibrio cholerae) or with potential as bioterrorism weapons (Burkholderia pseudomallei and mallei, Francisella tularensis). Vaccination could aid reducing the use of broad spectrum antibiotics and provide protection by herd immunity also to individuals who are not vaccinated.This review analyses structural and functional differences of the polysaccharides exposed on the surface of emerging pathogenic bacteria, combined with medical need and technological feasibility of corresponding glycoconjugate vaccines.
- Compound ID: 906
Structure type: homopolymer
Trivial name: 6-deoxy-heptan CPS
Compound class: CPS, O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G09650IH, GlycomeDB:
3383
- Compound ID: 13095
|
/Variants 0/-+
|
-3)-a-L-6dTalp-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-
/Variants 0/ is:
Ac-2)-
OR (exclusively)
33%Me-2)- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
- Compound ID: 7436
|
a-D-Glcp-(1-2)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-+
|
a-D-GlcpNAc-(1-2)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-a-D-Glcp-(1-5)-Kdo
|
b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: LOS C
Compound class: LOS
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G51576CE, GlycomeDB:
34984
- Compound ID: 3860
|
a-D-GlcpNAc-(1-2)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-+
|
a-D-Galp-(1-4)-b-D-Galp-(1-4)-a-D-Glcp-(1-2)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-a-D-Glcp-(1-5)-Kdo
|
b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: LOS A
Compound class: core oligosaccharide, LOS
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G18731PT, GlycomeDB:
34949
- Compound ID: 211
|
b-D-Galp-(1-4)-a-D-Glcp-(1-2)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-+
|
b-D-Galp-(1-4)-a-D-Glcp-(1-2)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-a-D-Glcp-(1-5)-Kdo
|
b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: glycoform 1, LOS A
Compound class: core oligosaccharide, LOS
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G53017TN, GlycomeDB:
37671
- Compound ID: 267
|
-3)-a-L-Rhap-(1-3)-a-L-Rhap-(1-2)-a-D-Galp-(1-3)-a-D-GlcpNAc-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G76746EO, GlycomeDB:
6223
- Compound ID: 1030
Structure type: homopolymer
Trivial name: poly-β-1,6-GlcNAc (PGA), biofilm, poly-b-(1-6)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG), poly-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG), PNAG, poly-N-acetylglucosamine, PNAG
Compound class: CPS, EPS, O-polysaccharide, glucan, polysaccharide
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G36952FI, GlycomeDB:
11210
- Compound ID: 11433
|
/Variants 0/-+
|
-3)-b-D-QuipNAc4N-(1-4)-a-D-GlcpNAc6(70%)Ac-(1-4)-a-D-GalpNAcA-(1-
/Variants 0/ is:
50%3HOBut-(1-4)-
OR (exclusively)
50%Ac-4)- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: K1 capsular polysaccharide, K1 CPS
Compound class: CPS
- Compound ID: 1193
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: CP8
Compound class: CPS, EPS
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G32706FD, GlycomeDB:
27062
- Compound ID: 13118
|
S-2,4HOBut-(1-4)-+ S-2,4HOBut-(1-4)-+
| |
S-2,4HOBut-(1-4)-a-D-Rhap4N-(1-2)-{{{-a-D-Rhap4N-(1-2)-}}}a-D-Rhap4N |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
- Compound ID: 13117
|
S-2,4HOBut-(1-4)-+ S-2,4HOBut-(1-4)-+
| |
S-2,4HOBut-(1-4)-a-D-Rhap4N2Me-(1-2)-{{{-a-D-Rhap4N-(1-2)-}}}a-D-Rhap4N |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
- Compound ID: 13101
|
{{{-b-D-Galp-(1-3)-a-D-Galp-(1-3)-}}}b-D-Galf-(1-3)-{{{-a-D-Galp-(1-3)-b-D-Galf-(1-3)-}}}a-D-Galp |
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Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: D-galactan II-D-galactan I
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G94030OZ
- Compound ID: 13102
|
{{{-b-D-Galf-(1-3)-b-D-GlcpNAc-(1-5)-}}}b-D-Galf-(1-3)-{{{-a-D-Galp-(1-3)-b-D-Galf-(1-3)-}}}a-D-Galp |
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Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: D-galactan I
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G78049HR
- Compound ID: 12944
|
P0Me-(0-3)-a-D-Manp-(1-2)-{{{-a-D-Manp-(1-2)-a-D-Manp-(1-2)-a-D-Manp-(1-3)-a-D-Manp-(1-3)-a-D-Manp-(1-2)-}}}a-D-Manp-(1-2)-a-D-Manp-(1-2)-a-D-Manp-(1-3)-a-D-Manp-(1-3)-a-D-Manp-(1-3)-a-D-Manp-(1-3)-a-D-Manp |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
- Compound ID: 13098
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: CPS, lipoteichoic acid
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G09457MJ
- Compound ID: 13099
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: diheteroglycan (DHG)
Compound class: CPS
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G96639CI
- Compound ID: 972
|
b-D-ManpNAc-(1-2)-+
|
-3)-a-L-Rhap-(1-3)-a-L-Rhap-(1-3)-b-L-Rhap-(1-4)-b-D-GlcpNAc-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G57484QO, GlycomeDB:
6035
- Compound ID: 13121
|
b-D-Araf-(1-2)-+
|
b-D-Araf-(1-2)-a-D-Araf-(1-3)-a-D-Araf-(1-5)-a-D-Araf-(1-5)-a-D-Araf-(1-5)-a-D-Araf-(1-3)-+
|
b-D-Araf-(1-2)-a-D-Araf-(1-5)-+ |
| |
b-D-Araf-(1-2)-a-D-Araf-(1-3)-a-D-Araf-(1-5)-a-D-Araf-(1-5)-a-D-Araf-(1-5)-a-D-Araf-(1-5)-a-D-Araf-(1-5)-a-D-Araf |
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Structure type: fragment of a bigger structure
Trivial name: arabinofuran
Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G84999UI
- Compound ID: 13123
|
a-D-Manp-(1-2)-+
|
a-D-Manp-(1-6)-a-D-Manp-(1-6)-a-D-Manp-(1-6)-a-D-Manp-(1-6)-a-D-Manp |
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Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G46323XK
- Compound ID: 13124
|
LIP-(1-6)-a-D-Manp-(1-2)-+ LIP-(1-2)-+
| |
a-D-Manp-(1-6)-a-D-Manp-(1-6)-a-D-Manp-(1-6)-L-myoIno-(1--P--1)--Gro
|
LIP-(1-3)-+ |
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Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide
- Compound ID: 13120
|
a-Colp-(1-4)-+
|
P-6:4)-+ |
| |
a-Colp-(1-2)-b-D-Galp-(1-3)-b-D-GlcpNAc-(1-4)-a-D-GalpA-(1-3)-b-D-QuipNAc-(1-3)-L-gro-a-D-manHepp-(1--/core/ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Aglycon: core
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G41083VK
- Compound ID: 8648
|
a-D-Glcp-(1-4)-+
|
-2)-a-L-Rhap3(60%)Ac4(25%)Ac-(1-2)-a-L-Rhap-(1-3)-a-L-Rhap-(1-3)-b-D-GlcpNAcA6(60%)Ac-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G55020SD
- Compound ID: 9025
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: GAS-PS, GAC, GAC, group A carbohydrate, GAC-PS
Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G59445KA, GlycomeDB:
37806
- Compound ID: 13112
|
b-D-GlcpNAc-(1-4)-+ b-D-GlcpNAc-(1-4)-+
| |
-3)-Gro-(1--P--3)--{{{-Gro-(1--P--3)--}}}Gro-(1--P--5)--{{{-D-Rib-ol-(1--P--5)--}}}D-Rib-ol-(1-P-
| |
/Variants 1/-+ /Variants 0/-+
/Variants 0/ is:
50%D-Ala-(1-3)-
OR (exclusively)
50%D-Ala-(1-2)-
/Variants 1/ is:
50%D-Ala-(1-3)-
OR (exclusively)
50%D-Ala-(1-2)- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: teichoic acid
- Compound ID: 13113
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: teichoic acid
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G27682YX
- Compound ID: 13114
|
Ala-(1-2)-+ Ala-(1-2)-+
| |
-3)-Gro-(1--P--3)--{{{-Gro-(1--P--3)--}}}Gro-(1--P--3)--{{{-Gro-(1--P--3)--}}}Gro-(1-P- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: teichoic acid
- Compound ID: 13116
|
/Variants 1/-+ /Variants 0/-+ LIP-(1-2)-+
| | |
/Variants 2/-D-Gro-(1--P--3)--{{{-D-Gro-(1--P--3)--}}}D-Gro-(1--P--6)--b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-1)-D-Gro
|
LIP-(1-3)-+
/Variants 0/ is:
?%Ala-(1-2)-
OR (exclusively)
?%a-D-GlcpNAc-(1-2)-
/Variants 1/ is:
?%Ala-(1-2)-
OR (exclusively)
?%a-D-GlcpNAc-(1-2)-
/Variants 2/ is:
?%Ala-(1-2)-
OR (exclusively)
?%a-D-GlcpNAc-(1-2)- |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipoteichoic acid
- Compound ID: 1567
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: CPS
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G24044JJ, GlycomeDB:
27407
- Compound ID: 1657
|
-4)-a-D-GalpNAcA6NH2-(1-4)-a-D-GalpNAcA6NH2-(1-3)-b-D-QuipNAc-(1-2)-b-D-Quip4NFo-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: CPS, O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G66306WB, GlycomeDB:
3488
- Compound ID: 1849
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: CP5
Compound class: CPS, EPS, O-polysaccharide
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G26399KZ, GlycomeDB:
26982
- Compound ID: 4070
|
a-D-GlcpA-(1-3)-+
|
-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Manp-(1-4)-a-D-Glcp-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: K-antigen
Compound class: CPS, O-polysaccharide
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G73682RA, GlycomeDB:
2875
- Compound ID: 3730
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G17164RY, GlycomeDB:
28059
- Compound ID: 3540
|
S-Pyr-(2-3:2-2)-+
|
-4)-b-D-GlcpA-(1-4)-a-L-Fucp-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: K-antigen, S-53 EPS
Compound class: CPS, EPS
- Compound ID: 3700
|
-4)-a-D-GalpNAc-(1-4)-b-D-GlcpNAc3NAcA-(1-3)-a-D-FucpNAc-(1-3)-a-D-QuipNAc-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: B-band polysaccharid
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G15870HS, GlycomeDB:
3409
- Compound ID: 4739
|
a-D-Fucp3NAc-(1-2)-+
|
-4)-b-D-GlcpNAc-(1-3)-a-L-Rhap-(1-2)-a-L-Rhap-(1-3)-b-L-Rhap-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G75832AT, GlycomeDB:
28094
- Compound ID: 2186
|
a-L-Rhap-(1-3)-+
|
-4)-a-D-Glcp-(1-3)-a-L-FucpNAc-(1-3)-b-D-GlcpNAc-(1-
|
b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-+ |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G18223OD, GlycomeDB:
28106
- Compound ID: 7798
|
a-L-Rhap-(1-3)-+
|
-4)-a-L-Rhap-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-a-D-Glcp-(1-2)-a-D-Glcp-(1-P- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: cell-surface polysaccharide, pentaglycosyl phosphate repeating unit cell-surface polysaccharide, rhamnoglucan PSI, PS1, cell-surface polysaccharide PS-I, PSI, PSI repeating unit
Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G60087JR, GlycomeDB:
36857
- Compound ID: 7799
|
b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-+
|
-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-GalpNAc-(1-4)-a-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-GalpNAc-(1-3)-a-D-Manp-(1-P- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: cell-surface polysaccharide, hexaglycosyl phosphate repeating unit cell-surface polysaccharide, PSII
Compound class: CPS, cell wall polysaccharide
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G48239WN, GlycomeDB:
36946
- Compound ID: 13096
Structure type: fragment of a bigger structure
Trivial name: PSIII
Compound class: lipoteichoic acid
- Compound ID: 7033
|
-3)-a-L-Rhap-(1-4)-a-D-GalpNAcA3Ac-(1-4)-a-D-GalpNFoA-(1-3)-a-D-QuipNAc-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G24345RY, GlycomeDB:
28052
- Compound ID: 7301
|
b-D-GlcpNAc-(1-2)-+
|
-4)-a-D-GalpNAc-(1-3)-b-D-Manp-(1-4)-b-D-Manp-(1-3)-a-D-GlcpNAc-(1- |
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Structure type: suggested polymer biological repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen, LPS
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G95178VE, GlycomeDB:
16460, CCSD:
34570, CBank-STR:13545
- Compound ID: 7454
Structure type: homopolymer
Compound class: CPS, O-polysaccharide, K-antigen, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G19079RT, GlycomeDB:
34729
- Compound ID: 129
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: ECA, ECA LPS, enterobacterial common antigen (ECA)
Compound class: enterobacterial common antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G63996VH, GlycomeDB:
7812
- Compound ID: 13109
|
?%a-D-Glcp-(1-6)-+
|
/Variants 0/-+ |
| |
a-Parp-(1-3)-+ | |
| | |
-2)-a-D-Manp-(1-4)-a-L-Rhap-(1-3)-a-D-Galp-(1-
/Variants 0/ is:
?%Ac-3)-
OR (exclusively)
?%Ac-2)- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
- Compound ID: 5104
|
b-D-Glcp-(1-2)-+
|
-4)-a-D-GalpNAc-(1-3)-b-D-Manp-(1-4)-b-D-Manp-(1-3)-a-D-GlcpNAc-(1- |
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Structure type: suggested polymer biological repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen, LPS
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G95910WE, GlycomeDB:
16459, CCSD:
34569, CBank-STR:13541
- Compound ID: 2011
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: D-galactan-III, D-galactan III
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G38255JW, GlycomeDB:
16920