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1. (Article ID: 5303)
 
Horinaka J, Okuda A, Yasuda R, Takigawa T
Molecular weight between entanglements for linear D-glucans
Colloid and Polymer Science 290(17) (2012) 1793-1797
 

Dynamic viscoelasticity measurements were carried out for concentrated solutions of linear D-glucans in BmimCl to examine the effect of the linkage between repeating units of glucose on the rheological properties. The values of molecular weight between entanglements (Me) were determined for four D-glucans: curdlan, pullulan, cellulose, and amylose. From the concentration dependence of Me, the value of Me in the molten state (Me, melt) for each Dglucan was estimated as a material constant. The order of Me,melt became cellulose

Molecular Structure, linkage, characteristic ratio, D-glucan, molecular weight between entanglements

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2. (Article ID: 5305)
 
Masuda Y, Togo T, Mizuno S, Konishi M, Nanba H
Soluble β-glucan from Grifola frondosa induces proliferation and Dectin-1/Syk signaling in resident macrophages via the GM-CSF autocrine pathway
Journal of Leukocyte Biology 91(4) (2012) 547-556
 

MD-Fraction, a highly purified, soluble β-(1,3) (1,6)-glucan obtained from Grifola frondosa (an oriental edible mushroom), has been reported to inhibit tumor growth by modulating host immunity. β -Glucan, a major component of the fungal cell wall, is generally recognized by PRRs expressed on macrophages and DCs, such as Dectin-1, and the ability of β-glucans to modulate host immunity is influenced by their structure and purity. Most cellular studies have used particulate β-glucans, such as yeast zymosan (crude β-glucan) and curdlan (purified β-glucan). However, little is known about the cellular mechanism of soluble β-glucans, including MD-Fraction, despite significant therapeutic implications. In this study, we investigated the cellular mechanism of MD-Fraction in murine resident macrophages and compared it with two well-known β-glucan particles. MD-Fraction induced GM-CSF production rapidly through Dectin-1-independent ERK and p38 MAPK activation. Subsequently, MD-Fraction-induced GM-CSF enhanced proliferation and Dectin-1 expression, which permitted Dectin-1-mediated TNF-α induction through the Syk pathway. Curdlan induced not only the proliferation and activation of Dectin-1/Syk signaling in a manner similar to MD-Fraction but also the uncontrolled, pro inflammatory cytokine response. Contrastingly, zymosan reduced proliferation and Dectin-1 expression significantly, indicating that the mechanism of macrophage activation by MD-Fraction differs from that of zymosan. This is the first study to demonstrate that purified β-glucans, such as MD-Fraction and curdlan, induce GM-CSF production directly, resulting in Dec-tin-1/Syk activation in resident macrophages. In conclusion, we demonstrated that MD-Fraction induces cell proliferation and cytokine production without excessive inflammation in resident macrophages, supporting its immunotherapeutic potential.

Curdlan, β-glucan, MAPK, zymosan, Grifola frondosa

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