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1. (Article ID: 5307)
 
Liu J, Wang X, Pu H, Liu S, Kan J, Jin C
Recent advances in endophytic exopolysaccharides: Production, structural characterization, physiological role and biological activity
Carbohydrate Polymers 157 (2017) 1113-1124
 

Endophytes are microorganisms that colonize living, internal tissues of plants without causing any immediate, overt negative effects. In recent years, both endophytic bacteria and fungi have been demonstrated to be excellent exopolysaccharides (EPS) producers. This review focuses on the recent advances in EPS produced by endophytes, including its production, isolation and purification, structural characterization, physiological role and biological activity. In general, EPS production is influenced by media components and cultivation conditions. The structures of purified EPS range from linear homopolysaccharides to highly branched heteropolysaccharides. These structurally novel EPS not only play important roles in plant-endophyte interactions; but also exhibit several biological functions, such as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and prebiotic activities. In order to utilize endophytic EPS on an industrial scale, both yield and productivity enhancement strategies are required at several levels. Besides, the exact mechanisms on the physiological roles and biological functions of EPS should be elucidated in future.

exopolysaccharides, biological activity, Structural characterization, endophytes, physiological role

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2. (Article ID: 8180)
 
Guo S, Mao W, Yan M, Zhao C, Li N, Shan J, Lin C, Liu X, Guo T, Wang S
Galactomannan with novel structure produced by the coral endophytic fungus Aspergillus ochraceus
Carbohydrate Polymers 105 (2014) 325–333
 

The homogeneous extracellular polysaccharide, AW1, was obtained from the fermented broth of the fungus Aspergillus ochraceus derived from coral Dichotella gemmacea. AW1 was a galactomannan with a molar ratio of mannose and galactose of 2.16:1.00 and a molecular weight of about 29.0kDa. The structure of AW1 was investigated by chemical and spectroscopic methods, including methylation analysis, one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D, 2D NMR) and electrospray mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation (ES-CID MS/MS) spectroscopic analyses. The results showed that the backbone of AW1 consisted of (1⟶2)-linked α-d-mannopyranose residues. The mannopyranose residues in the backbone were substituted at C-6 by the (1⟶)-linked α-d-mannopyranose units and (1⟶5)-linked β-D-galactofuranose oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization. The investigation demonstrated that AW1 was a novel galactomannan with different structural characteristics from other fungal galactomannans, and could be a potential resource of the (1⟶5)-linked β-D-galactofuranose oligosaccharides.

NMR, extracellular polysaccharide, Aspergillus ochraceus, ES-CID MS/MS, galacto-oligosaccharide

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