Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are the main components of the external leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Microorganisms that colonize permanently or transiently cold habitats have evolved an array of structural adaptations, some of which involve components of bacterial membranes. These adaptations assure the perfect functionality of the membrane even at freezing or sub-freezing growth temperatures. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art information concerning the structural features of the LPSs produced by cold-adapted bacteria. The LPS structure has recently been elucidated from species mainly belonging to Gammaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriaceae. Although the reported structural heterogeneity may arise from the phylogenetic diversity of the analyzed source strains, some generalized trends can be deduced. For instance, it is clear that only a small portion of LPSs displays the O-chain. In addition, the biological activity of the lipid A portion from several cold-adapted strains is reported.
NCBI PubMed ID: 31210256Publication DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz094Journal NLM ID: 8901229Publisher: Oxford University Press
Correspondence: corsaro

unina.it
Institutions: Department of Chemical Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Compound ID: 10699
|
-3)-a-D-Quip4N-(1-4)-a-D-GlcpA-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpNAc-(1-4)-a-L-GulpNA-(1-3)-a-D-FucpNAc-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G81692NV
- Compound ID: 13605
|
?%P-8)-+ P-4)-+
| |
a-D-Manp2Ac-(1-3)-b-D-Galp-(1-4)-D-gro-a-D-manHepp-(1-5)-a-Kdop-(2-6)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-P
|
P-4)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
- Compound ID: 13615
|
R-3HOLau-(1-3)-+
|
R-3HOLau-(1-2)-+ |
| |
Lau-(1-3)-R-3HOLau-(1-3)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
| |
P-4)-+ 3HOLau-(1-2)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipid A
- Compound ID: 2743
|
S,S-3,5HOHex-(1-4)-+
|
-4)-a-L-FucpNAc-(1-3)-a-D-QuipNAc4N-(1-2)-a-L-Rhap-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, core oligosaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GlycomeDB:
33625
- Compound ID: 7735
|
?%a-D-GalpA-(1--P--3)--+ P-4)-+ P-4)-+
| | |
?%b-D-Fruf-(2-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-L-gro-a-D-manHepp-(1-5)-a-Kdop-(2-6)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
|
P-3)-a-D-GalpA-(1-2)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
Reference(s) to other database(s): GlycomeDB:
36923
- Compound ID: 13602
|
/Variants 0/-D-HSer-(1-4)-+
|
-3)-b-D-Quip4N-(1-6)-a-D-Galp-(1-4)-a-D-GalpNAc-(1-3)-a-D-FucpNAc-(1-
/Variants 0/ is:
?%S-3HOBut-(1-2)-
OR (exclusively)
?%Ac-2)- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-antigen
- Compound ID: 8824
|
b-D-GlcpNAc-(1-3)-+
|
-2)-a-L-Rhap-(1-6)-a-D-Galp-(1-4)-a-D-GalpNAc-(1-3)-a-D-QuipNAc-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G97225ZC, GlycomeDB:
37792
- Compound ID: 13606
|
?%P-3)-+ P-4)-+ P-4)-+
| | |
a-D-Galp-(1-6)-?%b-D-Galp-(1-4)-D-gro-a-D-manHepp-(1-5)-a-Kdop-(2-6)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
|
P-6)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
- Compound ID: 13616
|
R-3HOLau-(1-3)-+
|
R-3HOLau-(1-3)-+ |
| |
Lau-(1-3)-R-3HOLau-(1-2)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
| |
P-4)-+ 3HOLau-(1-2)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipid A
- Compound ID: 9514
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G30597NU
- Compound ID: 10617
|
S-3HOBut-(1-4)-+ S-3HOBut-(1-4)-+
| |
-2)-a-L-Rhap-(1-4)-a-D-GalpNAcA-(1-3)-a-D-QuipNAc4N-(1-3)-b-D-QuipNAc4N-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: EPS, O-polysaccharide
- Compound ID: 13604
|
D-Gro-(1--P--3)--+ P-4)-+ P-4)-+
| | |
a-Colp-(1-2)-a-D-GalpA-(1-2)-a-D-Manp-(1-5)-a-Kdop-(2-6)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: core oligosaccharide, LOS
- Compound ID: 13610
|
Dco-(1-2)-+
|
Pam-(1-1)-Gro-(3--P--3)--R-3HOLau-(1-3)-+
|
R-3HOLau-(1-3)-+ |
| |
Lau-(1-3)-R-3HOC14={c4}-(1-2)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
| |
P-4)-+ |
|
R-3HOLau-(1-2)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipid A
- Compound ID: 13607
|
a-Kdop-(2-?)-+
|
b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-+ | P-4)-+
| | |
a-Murp2Ac-(1-3)-a-L-Rhap-(1-3)-b-D-Galp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-a-D-Glcp-(1-5)-a-Kdop-(2-6)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
| |
b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-+ P-4)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
- Compound ID: 13617
|
Dco-(1-3)-3HOLau-(1-3)-+ 3HOLau-(1-2)-+
| |
Dco-(1-3)-/Variants 0/-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
| |
P-4)-+ 3HOLau-(1-3)-+
/Variants 0/ is:
3HOMyr-(1-2)-
OR (exclusively)
3HOLau-(1-2)- |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipid A
- Compound ID: 8441
|
2HOLau-(1-3)-3HOLau-(1-2)-+
|
3HODco-(1-3)-+ |
| |
Lau-(1-3)-3HOLau-(1-2)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
| |
P-4)-+ 3HODco-(1-3)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipid A
- Compound ID: 10622
|
b-L-ArapNAc3NAc4NAc-(1-4)-b-D-GlcpNAc3NAcA6NH2-(1-3)-a-L-Rhap-(1-2)-a-L-Rhap-(1-4)-+
|
-3)-b-D-QuipNAc4NAc-(1-3)-a-D-Galp-(1-
AraN3N4N = 2,3,4-triamino-2,3,4-trideoxy-L-arabinose |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
- Compound ID: 10620
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: O-polysaccharide
- Compound ID: 13609
|
a-D-Glcp-(1-2)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-+ EtN-(1---P---P---4)-+ P-4)-+
| | |
a-D-Glcp-(1-2)-L-gro-a-D-manHepp-(1-7)-D-gro-a-D-manHepp-(1-5)-a-Kdop8N-(2-6)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
|
L-gro-a-D-manHepp-(1-2)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
- Compound ID: 13611
|
R-3HOMyr-(1-3)-+
|
R-3HOMyr-(1-3)-+ |
| |
Dco-(1-3)-Subst-(1-2)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
| |
P-4)-+ Subst-(1-2)-+
Subst = (R)-3-hydroxy-undecanoic acid = SMILES CCCCCCCC{3}[C@@H](O)C{1}C(O)=O |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipid A
- Compound ID: 13612
|
R-3HOMyr-(1-3)-+
|
R-3HOMyr-(1-3)-+ |
| |
Lau-(1-3)-Subst-(1-2)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
| |
P-4)-+ Subst-(1-2)-+
Subst = (R)-3-hydroxy-undecanoic acid = SMILES CCCCCCCC{3}[C@@H](O)C{1}C(O)=O |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipid A
- Compound ID: 13613
|
C12={5}-(1-3)-R-3HODco-(1-2)-+
|
P-4)-+ |
| |
3HODco-(1-3)-R-3HODco-(1-2)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
|
3HODco-(1-3)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipid A
- Compound ID: 13614
|
Lau-(1-3)-R-3HODco-(1-2)-+
|
P-4)-+ |
| |
3HODco-(1-3)-R-3HODco-(1-2)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
|
R-3HODco-(1-3)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipid A
- Compound ID: 13618
|
Lau-(1-3)-3HOMyr-(1-3)-+ 3HOMyr-(1-2)-+
| |
Subst-(1-3)-3HOMyr-(1-2)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-a-D-GlcpN-(1-P
| |
P-4)-+ 3HOMyr-(1-3)-+
Subst = 5,8-tetradecadienoic acid = SMILES CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCC{1}(O)=O |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: lipid A