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Structure type: homopolymer
Trivial name: levan, levan-type polysaccharide
Compound class: EPS, polysaccharide, fructan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 98
  Tambara Y, Hormaza JV, Perez C, Leon A, Arrieta J, Hernandez L "Structural analysis and optimised production of fructo-oligosaccharides by levansucrase from Acetobacter diazotrophicus SRT4" - Biotechnology Letters 21(2) (1999) 117-121
  

  Major fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) produced by levansucrase (EC 2.4.1.10) from Acetobacter diazotrophicus SRT4 were characterised as 1-kestose and nystose by acid hydrolysis and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The highest yields of 1-kestose (481 mM; 241 g/l) and nystose (81 mM; 54 g/l) were achieved at initial sucrose concentration of 1754 mM (600 g/l), pH 5.5 and 40 C. The synthesized FOS reached 50% (w/w) of total sugars in the reaction mixture, with a conversion efficiency over 70% (w/w) based on the amount of sucrose converted to 1-kestose.

  oligosaccharide, structural, analysis, Oligosaccharides, structural analysis, production, 1-kestose, Acetobacter, Acetobacter diazotrophicus, fructo-oligosaccharides, levansucrase, LsdA

  Journal NLM ID: 8008051
  Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
  Correspondence: ipmlab@cigb.edu.cu
  Institutions: Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Ave 31 e/ 158 y 190, P.O. Box 6162, CP10600, Havana, Cuba, Cuban Institute of Sugar Research, Havana, Cuba, Havana University, Faculty of Chemistry, Havana, Cuba
  Methods: 13C NMR
  
   
  
  Acetobacter diazotrophicus SRT4
  CSDB ID 5423 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 233
  Fett WF, Wells JM, Cescutti P, Wijey C "Identification of exopolysaccharides produced by fluorescent pseudomonads associated with commercial mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production" - Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61 (1995) 513-517
  

  The acidic exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from 63 strains of mushroom production-associated fluorescent pseudomonads which were mucoid on Pseudomonas agar F medium (PAF) were isolated, partially purified, and characterized. The strains were originally isolated from discolored lesion which developed postharvest on mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) caps or from commercial lots of mushroom casing medium. An acidic galactoglucan, previously named marginalan, was produced by mucoid strains of the saprophyte Pseudomonas putida and the majority of mucoid strains of saprophytic P. fluorescens (biovars III and V) isolated from casing medium. One biovar II strain (J1) of P. fluorescens produced alginate, a copolymer of mannuronic and guluronic acids, and one strain (H13) produced an apparently unique EPS containing neutral and amino sugars. Of 10 strains of the pathogen "P. gingeri," the causal agent of mushroom ginger blotch, 8 gave mucoid growth on PAF. The "P. gingeri" EPS also was unique in containing both neutral sugar and glucuronic acid. Mucoid, weakly virulent strains of "P. reactans" produced either alginate or marginalan. All 10 strains of the pathogen P. tolaasii, the causal agent of brown blotch of mushrooms were nonnmucoid on PAF. Production of EPS by these 10 strains plus the 2 nonmucoid strains of "P. gingeri" also was negative on several additional solid media as well as in two broth media tested. The results support our previous studies indicating that fluorescent pseudomonads are a rich source of novel EPSs.

  Pseudomonas, exopolysaccharide, exopolysaccharides, identification, production, fluorescent, mushroom

  NCBI PubMed ID: 7574589
  Journal NLM ID: 7605801
  Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
  Institutions: Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Philadelphia, Pennsulvania 19118, USA, Departement of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  
   
  
  Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida
  CSDB ID 6826 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 762
  Cescutti P, Impallomeni G, Garozzo D, Sturiale L, Herasimenka Y, Lagatolla C, Rizzo R "Exopolysaccharides produced by a clinical strain of Burkholderia cepacia isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient" - Carbohydrate Research 338(23) (2003) 2687-2695
  

  Burkholderia cepacia is an opportunistic pathogen involved in pulmonary infections related to cystic fibrosis. A clinical strain, BTS13, was isolated and the production of exopolysaccharides was tested growing the bacteria on two different media, one of which was rich in mannitol as carbon source. The primary structure of the polysaccharides was determined using mostly mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. On both media an exopolysaccharide having the following repeating unit was produced: →5)-β-Kdop-(2→3)-β-D-Galp2Ac-(1→4)-α-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→. This polysaccharide has already been described as the biosynthetic product of another Burkholderia species, B. pseudomallei, the microbial agent causing melioidosis. In addition to this, when grown on the mannitol-rich medium, B. cepacia strain BTS13 produced another polysaccharide that was established to be levan: →6)-β-D-Fruf-(2→. The content of levan was about 20% (w/w) of the total amount of polymers. The ability of B. cepacia to produce these two exopolysaccharides opens new perspectives in the investigation of the role of polysaccharides in lung infections.

  Burkholderia cepacia, NMR spectroscopy, exopolysaccharide, cystic fibrosis, Structures, MALDIMS

  NCBI PubMed ID: 14670727
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: cescutti@bbcm.units.it
  Institutions: Dipartimento di Biochimica Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Universita` di Trieste, Trieste, Italy, Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri, CNR, Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita` di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  Methods: methylation, NMR-2D, NMR, sugar analysis, MALDI-MS
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia BTS13
  CSDB ID 1312 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 3697
  Harvey DJ "Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004" - Mass Spectrometry Reviews 28(2) (2009) 273-361
  

  This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted

  carbohydrates, glycosyltransferases, fragmentation, MALDI, glycolipids, glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycosidases, time-of-flight

  NCBI PubMed ID: 18825656
  Publication DOI: 10.1002/mas.2019
  Journal NLM ID: 8219702
  Publisher: Wiley
  Correspondence: david.harvey@bioch.ox.ac.uk
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
  Methods: NMR, MALDI-TOF MS
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia
  CSDB ID 24008 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4073
  Matulová M, Husarova S, Capek P, Sancelme M, Delort AM "NMR structural study of fructans produced by Bacillus sp. 3B6, bacterium isolated in cloud water" - Carbohydrate Research 346(4) (2011) 501-507
  

  Bacillus sp. 3B6, bacterium isolated from cloud water, was incubated on sucrose for exopolysaccharide production. Dialysis of the obtained mixture (MWCO 500) afforded dialyzate (DIM) and retentate (RIM). Both were separated by size exclusion chromatography. RIM afforded eight fractions: levan exopolysaccharide (EPS), fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) of levan and inulin types with different degrees of polymerization (dp 2-7) and monosaccharides fructose:glucose=9:1. Levan was composed of two components with molecular mass ~3500 and ~100kDa in the ratio 2.3:1. Disaccharide fraction contained difructose anhydride DFA IV. 1-Kestose, 6-kestose, and neokestose were identified as trisaccharides in the ratio 2:1:3. Fractions with dp 4-7 were mixtures of FOSs of levan (2,6-βFruf) and inulin (1,2-βFruf) type. DIM separation afforded two dominant fractions: monosaccharides with fructose: glucose ratio 1:3; disaccharide fraction contained sucrose only. DIM trisaccharide fraction contained 1-kestose, 6-kestose, and neokestose in the ratio1.5:1:2, penta and hexasaccharide fractions contained FOSs of levan type (2,6-βFruf) containing α-glucose. In the pentasaccharide fraction also the presence of a homopentasaccharide composed of 2,6-linked βFruf units only was identified. Nystose, inulin (1,2-βFruf) type, was identified as DIM tetrasaccharide. Identification of levan 2,6-βFruf and inulin 1,2-βFruf type oligosaccharides in the incubation medium suggests both levansucrase and inulosucrase enzymes activity in Bacillus sp. 3B6.

  Bacillus, inulin, levan, cloud water, FOSs, DFA IV

  NCBI PubMed ID: 21292244
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: Maria.Matulova@savba.sk
  Institutions: Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, TLC, ESI-MS, NMR-1D, dialysis
  
   
  
  Bacillus sp. 3B6
  CSDB ID 26285 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4114
  Sims IM, Frese SA, Walter J, Loach D, Wilson M, Appleyard K, Eason J, Livingston M, Baird M, Cook G, Tannock GW "Structure and functions of exopolysaccharide produced by gut commensal Lactobacillus reuteri 100-23" - The ISME Journal 5(7) (2011) 1115-1124
  

  Lactobacillus reuteri strain 100-23 together with a Lactobacillus-free mouse model, provides a system with which the molecular traits underpinning bacterial commensalism in vertebrates can be studied. A polysaccharide was extracted from sucrose-containing liquid cultures of strain 100-23. Chemical analysis showed that this exopolysaccharide was a levan (β-2, 6-linked fructan). Mutation of the fructosyl transferase (ftf) gene resulted in loss of exopolysaccharide production. The ftf mutant was able to colonise the murine gastrointestinal tract in the absence of competition, but colonisation was impaired in competition with the wild type. Biofilm formation by the mutant on the forestomach epithelial surface was not impaired and the matrix between cells was indistinguishable from that of the wild type in electron micrographs. Colonisation of the mouse gut by the wild-type strain led to increased proportions of regulatory T cells (Foxp3+) in the spleen, whereas colonisation by the ftf mutant did not. Survival of the mutant in sucrose-containing medium was markedly reduced relative to the wild type. Comparison of the genomic ftf loci of strain 100-23 with other L. reuteri strains suggested that the ftf gene was acquired by lateral gene transfer early in the evolution of the species and subsequently diversified at accelerated rates. Levan production by L. reuteri 100-23 may represent a function acquired by the bacterial species for life in moderate to high-sucrose extra-gastrointestinal environments that has subsequently been diverted to novel uses, including immunomodulation, that aid in colonisation of the murine gut.

  exopolysaccharide, evolution, survival, Lactobacillus reuteri, regulatory T cells

  NCBI PubMed ID: 21248858
  Publication DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2010.201
  Journal NLM ID: 101301086
  Publisher: London: Nature Publishing Group
  Institutions: Industrial Research Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GC-MS, chemical analysis, HPAEC, GC, biological assays, genetic methods
  
   
  
  Lactobacillus reuteri 100-23
  CSDB ID 26351 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4820
  Kodali S, Vinogradov E, Lin F, Khoury N, Hao L, Pavliak V, Jones CH, Laverde D, Huebner J, Jansen KU, Anderson AS, Donald RG "A Vaccine Approach for the Prevention of Infections by Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 290(32) (2015) 19512-19526
  

  The incidence of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium hospital infections has been steadily increasing. With the goal of discovering new vaccine antigens, we systematically fractionated and purified four distinct surface carbohydrates from E. faecium endocarditis isolate Tx16, shown previously to be resistant to phagocytosis in the presence of human serum. The two most abundant polysaccharides consist of novel branched heteroglycan repeating units that include signature sugars altruronic acid and legionaminic acid, respectively. A minor high molecular weight polysaccharide component was recognized as the fructose homopolymer levan, and a glucosylated lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was identified in a micellar fraction. The polysaccharides were conjugated to the CRM197 carrier protein, and the resulting glycoconjugates were used to immunize rabbits. Rabbit immune sera were evaluated for their ability to kill Tx16 in opsonophagocytic assays and in a mouse passive protection infection model. Although antibodies raised against levan failed to mediate opsonophagocytic killing, the other glycoconjugates induced effective opsonic antibodies, with the altruronic acid-containing polysaccharide antisera showing the greatest opsonophagocytic assay activity. Antibodies directed against either novel heteroglycan or the LTA reduced bacterial load in mouse liver or kidney tissue. To assess antigen prevalence, we screened a diverse collection of blood isolates (n = 101) with antibodies to the polysaccharides. LTA was detected on the surface of 80% of the strains, and antigens recognized by antibodies to the two major heteroglycans were co-expressed on 63% of these clinical isolates. Collectively, these results represent the first steps toward identifying components of a glycoconjugate vaccine to prevent E. faecium infection.

  antigen, teichoic acid, vaccine, uronic acids, carbohydrate structure, glycoconjugate vaccine, Enterococcus faecium, sialic acids

  NCBI PubMed ID: 26109072
  Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M115.655852
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Correspondence: robert.donald@pfizer.com
  Institutions: the National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, and the Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80338 Munich, Germany, From Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York 10654
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, NMR-2D, partial acid hydrolysis, GC-MS, SDS-PAGE, sugar analysis, ELISA, ESI-MS, GC, biological assays, serological methods, UV, HPAEC-PAD, bioinformatic analysis, SEC, conjugatation, SEC-MALLS
  
   
  
  Enterococcus faecium Tx16
  CSDB ID 30718 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4842
  Dolfi S, Sveronis A, Silipo A, Rizzo R, Cescutti P "A novel rhamno-mannan exopolysaccharide isolated from biofilms of Burkholderia multivorans C1576" - Carbohydrate Research 411 (2015) 42-48
  

  Burkholderia multivorans C1576 is a Gram negative opportunistic pathogen causing serious lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Considering that bacteria naturally form biofilms, and exopolysaccharides are recognized as important factors for biofilm architecture set-up, B. multivorans was grown both in biofilm and in non-biofilm mode on two different media in order to compare the exopolysaccharides biosynthesized in these different experimental conditions. The exopolysaccharides produced were purified and their structure was determined resorting mainly to NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The experimental data showed that both in biofilm and non-biofilm mode B. multivorans C1576 produced a novel exopolysaccharide having the following structure: [Formula: see text]. About 50% of the 2-linked rhamnose residues are substituted on C-3 with a methyl ether group. The high percentage of deoxysugar Rha units, coupled with OMe substitutions, suggest a possible role for polymer domains with marked hydrophobic characteristics able to create exopolysaccharide junction zones favouring the stability of the biofilm matrix.

  NMR, Exopolysaccharide structure, cystic fibrosis, Biofilm, Burkholderia multivorans C1576

  NCBI PubMed ID: 25974852
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.012
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: pcescutti@units.it
  Institutions: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy, Department of Life Sciences, Bldg C11, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, partial acid hydrolysis, GC-MS, ESI-MS, GLC, de-O-acetylation, composition analysis, NMR-1D
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia complex
  CSDB ID 11156 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5002
  Ishida R, Sakaguchi K, Matsuzaki C, Katoh T, Ishida N, Yamamoto K, Hisa K "Levansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NTM048 produces a levan exopolysaccharide with immunomodulating activity" - Biotechnology Letters 38(4) (2016) 681-687
  

  OBJECTIVES: A levansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NTM048 was cloned and expressed and its enzymatic product was characterized. RESULTS: The fructansucrase gene from Leuconostoc mesenteroides was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified as a single protein and its properties investigated. The polymer produced by the recombinant enzyme was identified as levan by various means including TLC and NMRs, and the enzyme was identified as a GH68 levansucrase. The enzyme was optimal at pH 5.5-6 and 30 degrees C, and its activity was stimulated by Ca(2+). The levan produced by this strain induced IgA production in mice. CONCLUSION: Leuconostoc mesenteroides, a probiotic strain, possessed levansucrase which catalyzed the produced levan that had immunomodulating activity.

  levansucrase, levan, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Fructansucrase, IgA, Immunomodulating activity

  NCBI PubMed ID: 26960415
  Publication DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-2024-9
  Journal NLM ID: 8008051
  Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
  Correspondence: yamamotk@ishikawa-pu.ac.jp
  Institutions: Nitto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Kamiueno, Muko, Kyoto, 617-0006, Japan, Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, SDS-PAGE, DNA techniques, TLC, ELISA, HPAEC, biological assays, enzyme assay, cloning
  
   
  
  Leuconostoc mesenteroides NTM048
  CSDB ID 11912 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5100
  Djurić A, Gojgić-Cvijović G, Jakovljević D, Kekez B, Kojić JS, Mattinen ML, Harju IE, Vrvić MM, Beškoski VP "Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3 isolated from an oil-polluted environment-a new producer of levan" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 104(A) (2017) 311-321
  

  Various microorganisms isolated from polluted environments, such as Pseudomonas sp. and Micrococcus sp. can synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPSs) which are natural, non-toxic and biodegradable polymers. EPSs play a key role in protection of microbial cells under various external influences. For humans, these substances have potential use in many industries. EPSs can be applied as a flavor or a fragrance carrier, an emulsifier, a stabilizer, a prebiotic, an antioxidant or an antitumor agent. In this study, we characterized an environmental microorganism that produces EPS, optimized EPS production by this strain and characterized the EPS produced. Isolate CH-KOV3 was identified as Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum. The sucrose level in the growth medium greatly influenced EPS production, and the highest yield was when the microorganism was incubated in media with 500 g/L, of sucrose. The optimal temperature and pH were 28 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results and GC MS analysis confirmed that the residues were D-fructofuranosyl residues with β-configuration, where fructose units are linked by β-2,6-glycosidic bonds, with β-2,1-linked branches. All these data indicate that the investigated EPS is a levan-type polysaccharide. Thus, it was concluded that Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3 could constitute a new source for production of the bioactive polysaccharide, levan.

  exopolysaccharides, Polluted environments, Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28602989
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: adjuric@chem.bg.ac.rs
  Institutions: University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16 P.O. Box 158, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia, University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, 11001 Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Serbia, Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Forest Products Technology Bioproduct Chemistry, Aalto, Finland, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Turku University Hospital, Finland
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, NMR-2D, partial acid hydrolysis, GC-MS, DNA techniques, TLC, acid hydrolysis, GC, MALDI-TOF MS, FTIR, composition analysis, genetic methods, GPC, viscosity measurement, optical rotation measurement, reductive cleavage, dialysis, planar chromatography
  
   
  
  Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3
  CSDB ID 12036 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5143
  Cloutier M, Muru K, Ravicoularamin G, Gauthier C "Polysaccharides from Burkholderia species as targets for vaccine development, immunomodulation and chemical synthesis" - Natural Product Reports 35(12) (2018) 1251-1293
  

  Burkholderia species are a vast group of human pathogenic, phytopathogenic, and plant- or environment-associated bacteria. B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B. cepacia complex are the causative agents of melioidosis, glanders, and cystic fibrosis-related infections, respectively, which are fatal diseases in humans and animals. Due to their high resistance to antibiotics, high mortality rates, and increased infectivity via the respiratory tract, B. pseudomallei and B. mallei have been listed as potential bioterrorism agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Burkholderia species are able to produce a large network of surface-exposed polysaccharides, i.e., lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and exopolysaccharides, which are virulence factors, immunomodulators, major biofilm components, and protective antigens, and have crucial implications in the pathogenicity of Burkholderia-associated diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account regarding the structural elucidation and biological activities of surface polysaccharides produced by Burkholderia species. The chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides mimicking Burkholderia polysaccharides is described in detail. Emphasis is placed on the recent research efforts toward the development of glycoconjugate vaccines against melioidosis and glanders based on synthetic or native Burkholderia oligo/polysaccharides.

  lipopolysaccharides, Burkholderia, capsular polysaccharides, Oligosaccharides, glycoconjugate vaccines, antigens, exopolysaccharides, surface polysaccharide, virulence factor, Biofilm, chemical synthesis, bioterrorism

  Publication DOI: 10.1039/C8NP00046H
  Journal NLM ID: 8502408
  Publisher: London: Royal Society of Chemistry
  Correspondence: charles.gauthier@iaf.inrs.ca
  Institutions: INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Universite du Quebec, 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Canada
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia
  CSDB ID 12480 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6071
  Iftikhar R, Ansari A, Siddiqui NN, Hussain F, Aman A "Structural elucidation and cytotoxic analysis of a fructan based biopolymer produced extracellularly by Zymomonas mobilis KIBGE-IB14" - Carbohydrate Research 499 (2021) 108223
  

  Fructan based biopolymers have been extensively characterized and explored for their potential applications. Linear chained biopolymers, like levan-type fructan, have gained attention because they have exhibited unconventional stretchable and unbendable properties along with biodegradable and biocompatible nature. Current study deals with the chemical characterization and cytotoxic analysis of fructose based exopolysaccharide that was extracellularly produced by an indigenously isolated bacterial species (Zymomonas mobilis KIBGE-IB14). Maximum yield of exopolysaccharide (44.7 gL-1) was attained after 72 h of incubation at 30 °C under shaking conditions (180 rpm) when the culture medium was supplemented with 150.0 gL-1 of sucrose as a sole carbon source. This exopolysaccharide displayed high water solubility index (96.0%) with low water holding capacity (17.0%) and an intrinsic viscosity of about 0.447 dL g-1. This biopolymer exhibited a characteristic linear homopolysaccharide structure of levan when characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1H, 13C, TOCSY and NOESY) while, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed its pointed and thorny structure. The decomposition temperature of levan was approximately 245 °C as revealed by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) results revealed its amorphous nature with crystalline phase. Cytotoxicity of different concentrations of levan was investigated against mouse fibroblast cell lines by measuring their cellular metabolic activity and it was noticed that a higher concentration of levan (2.0 mg ml-1) permitted the normal cell growth of NIH/3T3 cell lines. This non-cytotoxic and biocompatible nature suggests that this levan has the capability to be utilized in food and drug-based formulations as it exhibited biomedical potential.

  exopolysaccharide, cytotoxicity, levan, chemical characterization, NIH/3T3 cell line

  NCBI PubMed ID: 33342516
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108223
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: A. Aman
  Institutions: The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakista, Department of Materials Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology (NEDUET), Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, X-ray, sugar analysis, FTIR, viscosity measurement, SEM, AFM, emulsifying activity determination, TGA, WSI, WHC, cytotoxic analysis
  
   
  
  Zymomonas mobilis KIBGE-IB14
  CSDB ID 10866 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6521
  Grinev VS, Sigida EN, Anis'kov AA, Mokrushin IG, Bratashov DN, Tregubova KV, Yegorenkova IV, Shirokov AA, Fedonenko YP "Structure and characterization of an extracellular polysaccharide from Paenibacillus polymyxa 88A" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 283(Pt2) (2024) ID 137623
  

  Levan-type polysaccharides, produced by various organisms, are nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymers with a wide range of biological activities. They have high potential for use in medicine, cosmetology, and industry. A large amount of levan (41.1 g L-1) was recovered by ethanol precipitation from a liquid nutrient medium of Paenibacillus polymyxa 88A that contained 15 % w/v sucrose as a carbon source. The levan was fractionated by gel-permeation and anion-exchange chromatography and was analyzed by DRIFT and NMR spectroscopy. It was found that levan was represented by slightly branched chains composed of β-(2→6)-Fruf residues. The average molecular mass of the levan was about 1.9 MDa. When shear stress was applied at different temperatures, aqueous levan solutions showed pseudoplastic behavior. As found by SEM, a freeze-dried powdered levan sample had a microporous structure. The levan had excellent emulsifying activity toward sunflower oil, forming an emulsion with long-term stability. Analysis of the antioxidant activity of the levan showed a higher, dose-dependent activity toward ABTS, as compared with that toward DPPH. Finally, the bioactivity of the levan was examined by MTT assay by using human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells

  Rheology, levan, antitumor activity, thermal stability, Paenibacillus polymyxa, emulsifying activity

  NCBI PubMed ID: 39547628
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137623
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: grinev@ibppm.ru
  Institutions: Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), Saratov, Russia, Chernyshevsky Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia, VIC Animal Health, VIC GROUP, Belgorod, Russia, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
  Methods: acid hydrolysis, anion-exchange chromatography, biological assays, MS, HPAEC-PAD, extraction, HPGPC, precipitation, spectrophotometry, SEM, centrifugation, AFM, TGA, DSC, FT-IR, cell viability, rheological studies, antioxidant activity test
  
   
  
  Paenibacillus polymyxa 88A
  CSDB ID 15665 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer biological repeating unit
Trivial name: levan-type polysaccharide
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 5100
  Djurić A, Gojgić-Cvijović G, Jakovljević D, Kekez B, Kojić JS, Mattinen ML, Harju IE, Vrvić MM, Beškoski VP "Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3 isolated from an oil-polluted environment-a new producer of levan" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 104(A) (2017) 311-321
  

  Various microorganisms isolated from polluted environments, such as Pseudomonas sp. and Micrococcus sp. can synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPSs) which are natural, non-toxic and biodegradable polymers. EPSs play a key role in protection of microbial cells under various external influences. For humans, these substances have potential use in many industries. EPSs can be applied as a flavor or a fragrance carrier, an emulsifier, a stabilizer, a prebiotic, an antioxidant or an antitumor agent. In this study, we characterized an environmental microorganism that produces EPS, optimized EPS production by this strain and characterized the EPS produced. Isolate CH-KOV3 was identified as Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum. The sucrose level in the growth medium greatly influenced EPS production, and the highest yield was when the microorganism was incubated in media with 500 g/L, of sucrose. The optimal temperature and pH were 28 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results and GC MS analysis confirmed that the residues were D-fructofuranosyl residues with β-configuration, where fructose units are linked by β-2,6-glycosidic bonds, with β-2,1-linked branches. All these data indicate that the investigated EPS is a levan-type polysaccharide. Thus, it was concluded that Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3 could constitute a new source for production of the bioactive polysaccharide, levan.

  exopolysaccharides, Polluted environments, Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28602989
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: adjuric@chem.bg.ac.rs
  Institutions: University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16 P.O. Box 158, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia, University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, 11001 Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Serbia, Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Forest Products Technology Bioproduct Chemistry, Aalto, Finland, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Turku University Hospital, Finland
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, NMR-2D, partial acid hydrolysis, GC-MS, DNA techniques, TLC, acid hydrolysis, GC, MALDI-TOF MS, FTIR, composition analysis, genetic methods, GPC, viscosity measurement, optical rotation measurement, reductive cleavage, dialysis, planar chromatography
  
   
  
  Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3
  CSDB ID 12428 (all data & tools)