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1. (Article ID: 5759)
 
Di Lorenzo F, Pither MD, Scarinci I, Martufi M, Guzman-Caldentey J, Lakomiec E, Jachymek W, Bruijns SCM, Santamaria SM, Frick JS, van Kooyk Y, Chiodo F, Silipo A, Bernardini ML, Molinaro A
Pairing Bacteroides vulgatus LPS Structure with Its Immunomodulatory Effects on Human Cellular Models
ACS Central Science 6(9) (2020) 1602-1616
 

The gut microbiota guide the development of the host immune system by setting a systemic threshold for immune activation. Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from gut bacteria are able to trigger systemic and local proinflammatory and immunomodulatory responses, and this capability strongly relies on their fine structures. Up to now, only a few LPS structures from gut commensals have been elucidated; therefore, the molecular motifs that may be important for LPS-mammalian cell interactions at the gut level are still obscure. Here, we report on the full structure of the LPS isolated from one of the prominent species of the genus Bacteroides, Bacteroides vulgatus. The LPS turned out to consist of a particular chemical structure based on hypoacylated and mono-phosphorylated lipid A and with a galactofuranose-containing core oligosaccharide and an O-antigen built up of mannose and rhamnose. The evaluation of the immunological properties of this LPS on human in vitro models revealed a very interesting capability to produce anti-inflammatory cytokines and to induce a synergistic action of MD-2/TLR4- and TLR2-mediated signaling pathways.

human, Bacteroides, cytokines, LPS structure, immunomodulatory, gut microbiota

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2. (Article ID: 6049)
 
Di Lorenzo F, Duda KA, Lanzetta R, Silipo A, De Castro C, Molinaro A
A Journey from Structure to Function of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Chemical Reviews (2021)
 

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a crucial constituent of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria, playing a fundamental role in the protection of bacteria from environmental stress factors, in drug resistance, in pathogenesis, and in symbiosis. During the last decades, LPS has been thoroughly dissected, and massive information on this fascinating biomolecule is now available. In this Review, we will give the reader a third millennium update of the current knowledge of LPS with key information on the inherent peculiar carbohydrate chemistry due to often puzzling sugar residues that are uniquely found on it. Then, we will drive the reader through the complex and multifarious immunological outcomes that any given LPS can raise, which is strictly dependent on its chemical structure. Further, we will argue about issues that still remain unresolved and that would represent the immediate future of LPS research. It is critical to address these points to complete our notions on LPS chemistry, functions, and roles, in turn leading to innovative ways to manipulate the processes involving such a still controversial and intriguing biomolecule.

Lipopolysaccharide, LPS, structure, Pathogenesis, carbohydrate, function, gram negative bacteria

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