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1. (Article ID: 5925)
 
Ferguson MAJ, Hart GW, Kinoshita T
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors
Book: In: Essentials of Glycobiology [Internet] (2017)
 

Plasma membrane proteins are either peripheral proteins or integral membrane proteins. The latter include proteins that span the lipid bilayer once or several times, and another class that are covalently attached to lipids. Proteins attached to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) via their carboxyl termini are generally found in the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer and face the extracellular environment. The GPI membrane anchor may be conveniently thought of as an alternative to the single transmembrane domain of type-1 integral membrane proteins. This chapter reviews the discovery, distribution, structure, biosynthesis, properties, and suggested functions of GPI membrane anchors and related molecules.

proteins, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol, glycobiology, GPI, membrane protein

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2. (Article ID: 6010)
 
Swarts BM, Guo ZW
Chemical synthesis and functionalization of clickable glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors
Chemical Science 2(12) (2011) 2342-2352
 

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchorage is a common posttranslational modification of eukaryotic proteins. Chemical synthesis of structurally defined GPIs and GPI derivatives is a necessary step toward understanding the properties and functions of these molecules in biological systems. In this work, the synthesis of several functionalized GPI anchors was accomplished using the paramethoxybenzyl (PMB) group for permanent hydroxyl protection, which allowed the incorporation of functionalities that are incompatible with permanent protecting groups traditionally used in carbohydrate synthesis. A flexible convergent-divergent assembly strategy enabled efficient access to a diverse set of target structures, including 'clickable'' alkyne- and azide-modified GPIs. For global deprotection, a one-pot reaction was employed to afford the target GPIs in excellent yields (85-97%). Fully deprotected clickable GPI derivatives were readily conjugated to imaging and affinity probes via Cu(I)-catalyzed and Cu-free strain-promoted [3 + 2] cycloaddition to result in GPI-Flour and GPI-Biotin conjugates, respectively.

synthesis, carbohydrate, proteins, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol, GPI, GPI anchor

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