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The unique living environment of marine microorganisms endows them with the potential to produce novel chemical compounds with various biological activities. Among them, the exopolysaccharides produced by marine microbes are an important factor for them to survive in these extreme environments. Up to now, exopolysaccharides from marine microbes, especially from extremophiles, have attracted more and more attention due to their structural complexity, biodegradability, biological activities, and biocompatibility. With the development of culture and separation methods, an increasing number of novel exopolysaccharides are being found and investigated. Here, the source, structure and biological activities of exopolysaccharides, as well as their potential applications in environmental restoration fields of the last decade are summarized, indicating the commercial potential of these versatile EPS in different areas, such as food, cosmetic, and biomedical industries, and also in environmental remediation.

structure, exopolysaccharides, EPS, marine microorganisms, biological activities, environmentalremediation

NCBI PubMed ID: 36005515
Publication DOI: 10.3390/md20080512
Journal NLM ID: 101213729
Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: Molecular Diversity Preservation International
Correspondence: W. Wu shou.edu.cn>; G. Yu ouc.edu.cn>; P. Wang shou.edu.cn>
Institutions: College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China

Marine fungi represent an important and sustainable resource, from which the search for novel biological substances for application in the pharmacy or food industry offers great potential. In our research, novel polysaccharide (AUM-1) was obtained from marine Aureobasidium melanogenum SCAU-266 were obtained and the molecular weight of AUM-1 was determined to be 8000 Da with 97.30% of glucose, 1.9% of mannose, and 0.08% galactose, owing to a potential backbone of α-D-Glcp-(1→2)-α-D-Manp-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-(SO3-)-4-α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-1-β-D-Glcp-1→2)-α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-β-D-Glcp-1→6)-α-D-Glcp-1→4)-α-D-Glcp-6→1)-[α-D-Glcp-4]26→1)-α-D-Glcp and two side chains that consisted of α-D-Glcp-1 and α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp residues. The immunomodulatory effect of AUM-1 was identified. Then, the potential molecular mechanism by which AUM-1 may be connected to ferroptosis was indicated by metabonomics, and the expression of COX2, SLC7A11, GPX4, ACSL4, FTH1, and ROS were further verified. Thus, we first speculated that AUM-1 has a potential effect on the ferroptosis-related immunomodulatory property in RAW 264.7 cells by adjusting the expression of GPX4, regulated glutathione (oxidative), directly causing lipid peroxidation owing to the higher ROS level through the glutamate metabolism and TCA cycle. Thus, the ferroptosis related immunomodulatory effect of AUM-1 was obtained.

polysaccharide, Structural characterization, immunomodulatory, Aureobasidium melanogenum, ferroptosis

NCBI PubMed ID: 35621983
Publication DOI: 10.3390/md20050332
Journal NLM ID: 101213729
Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: Molecular Diversity Preservation International
Correspondence: R. Huang scau.edu.cn>
Institutions: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China, Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand, Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University-United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, NMR-2D, GC-MS, sugar analysis, anion-exchange chromatography, Western blotting, FTIR, UV, statistical analysis, determination of NO production, cytokine production, HPGPC, BLAST, cultivation, immunomodulatory activity analysis, ROS measurement, immunofluorescence staining, metabolites analysis