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Structure type: homopolymer
Trivial name: cellulose, β-(1,4)-glucan, cellulose, β-(1,4)-glucan
Compound class: EPS, O-polysaccharide, cell wall polysaccharide, glucan, polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 3004
  Gilkes NR, Kilburn DG, Miller RC, Warren RAJ, Sugiyama J, Chanzy H, Henrissat B "Visualization of the adsorption of a bacterial endo-a-1,4-glucanaseand its isolated cellulose-binding domain to crystalline cellulose" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 15 (1993) 347-351
  

  Endo-β-1,4-glucanase A (CenA), a cellulase from the bacterium Cellulomonas fimi, is composed of two domains: a catalytic domain and a cellulose-binding domain. Adsorption of CenA and its isolated cellulose-binding domain (CBD.PTCenA) to Valonia cellulose microcrystals was examined by transmission electron microscopy using an antibody sandwich technique (CenA/CBD.PTCenA-α CenA IgG-protein A-gold conjugate). Adsorption of both CenA and CBD.PTCenA occurred along the lengths of the microcrystals, with an apparent preference for certain crystal faces or edges. CenA or CBD.PTCenA, but not the isolated catalytic domain, were shown to prevent the flocculation of microcrystalline bacterial cellulose. The cellulose-binding domain may assist crystalline cellulose hydrolysis in vitro by promoting substrate dispersion.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 8110656
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Institutions: Department of Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
  
   
  
  Acetobacter xylinum
  CSDB ID 130741 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 3077
  Kai A, Arashida T, Hatanaka K, Akaike T, Matsuzaki K, Mimura T, Kaneko Y "Analysis of the biosynthetic process of cellulose and curdlan using 13C-labeled glucoses" - Carbohydrate Polymers 23 (1994) 235-239
  

  In order to elucidate the biosynthetic process of cellulose and curdlan, 13Clabeled polysaccharides were biosynthesized by Acetobacter xylinum (IFO 13693) and Agrobacterium sp. (ATCC 317491, from culture media containing D-(1-13C)glucose, D-(2-13C)glucose, D-(4-13C)glucose, or D-(6-13C)glucose as the carbon source, and their structures were determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The labeling was mainly found in the original position, indicating direct polymerization of introduced glucoses. In addition, the transfer of labeling from C-2 to C-I, C-3 and C-5, from C-4 to C-l, C-2 and C-3, and from C-6 to C-1 was found in celluloses. In curdlan, the transfer of labeling from C-1 to C-3, from C-2 to C-I and C-3, from C-4 to C-I, C-2 and C-3, and from C-6 to C-I and C-3 was observed. From analysis of this labeling, the biosynthetic process of cellulose and curdlan was explained as involving six routes. The percentages of each route via which cellulose or curdlan is biosynthesized were estimated for upper (C-t to C-3) and lower portions (C-4 to C-6) of glucosidic units in the polysaccharides. It is noted that very few polysaccharides are formed via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. The lower half (C-4 to C-6) structure of introduced glucoses is well preserved in the polysaccharides.

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(94)90184-8
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-03, Japan
  
   
  
  Acetobacter xylinum IFO 13693
  CSDB ID 112991 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4965
  Xu L, Zhang J "Bacterial glucans: production, properties, and applications" - Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 100(21) (2016) 9023-9036
  

  Bacterial glucans have aroused increasing interest in commercial applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. A number of bacterial glucans have been reported over recent decades, and their structure, production, and functional properties have been extensively studied. In this paper, we review recent researches on bacterial glucans, with emphasis on the production, physical and chemical properties, and the new developments in food, biomedical, pharmaceutical, and other industrial applications.

  food, property, production, pharmaceutical, Bacterial glucans, Biomedical

  NCBI PubMed ID: 27678120
  Publication DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7836-6
  Journal NLM ID: 8406612
  Publisher: Springer
  Correspondence: jfzhang@mail.njust.edu.cn
  Institutions: Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
  
   
  
  Acetobacter xylinum, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium
  CSDB ID 11828 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5492
  Schmid J, Sieber V, Rehm B "Bacterial exopolysaccharides: biosynthesis pathways and engineering strategies" - Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (2015) 496
  

  Bacteria produce a wide range of exopolysaccharides which are synthesized via different biosynthesis pathways. The genes responsible for synthesis are often clustered within the genome of the respective production organism. A better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and the regulation of these processes is critical toward genetic, metabolic and protein-engineering approaches to produce tailor-made polymers. These designer polymers will exhibit superior material properties targeting medical and industrial applications. Exploiting the natural design space for production of a variety of biopolymer will open up a range of new applications. Here, we summarize the key aspects of microbial exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and highlight the latest engineering approaches toward the production of tailor-made variants with the potential to be used as valuable renewable and high-performance products for medical and industrial applications.

  biosynthesis, gene clusters, Bacterial exopolysaccharides, polysaccharide engineering, tailor-made exopolysaccharides

  NCBI PubMed ID: 26074894
  Publication DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00496
  Journal NLM ID: 101548977
  Publisher: Lausanne: Frontiers Research Foundation
  Correspondence: Jochen Schmid
  Institutions: Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität München Straubing, Germany, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand, The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Palmerston North, New Zealand
  
   
  
  Acetobacter xylinum, Gluconacetobacter xylinus E25
  CSDB ID 2269 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5702
  Chaichian S, Moazzami B, Sadoughi F, Haddad Kashani H, Zaroudi M, Asemi Z "Functional activities of beta-glucans in the prevention or treatment of cervical cancer" - Journal of Ovarian Research 13(1) (2020) ID 24
  

  Cervical cancer is the fourth-ranked cancer in the world and is associated with a large number of deaths annually. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are known as the common therapeutic approaches in the treatment of cervical cancer, but because of their side effects and toxicity, researchers are trying to discovery alternative therapies. β-glucans, a group of glucose polymers that are derived from the cell wall of fungi, bacteria, and etc. it has been showed that β-glucans have some anti-cancer properties which due to their impacts on adaptive and innate immunity. Along to these impacts, these molecules could be used as drug carriers. In this regard, the application of β-glucans is a promising therapeutic option for the cancer prevention and treatment especially for cervical cancer. Herein, we have summarized the therapeutic potential of β-glucans alone or as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cervical cancer. Moreover, we highlighted β-glucans as drug carriers for preventive and therapeutic purposes.

  bacteria, β-Glucans, fungi, cervical cancer

  NCBI PubMed ID: 32138756
  Publication DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-00626-7
  Journal NLM ID: 101474849
  Publisher: London: BioMed Central
  Correspondence: Sadoughi F ; Asemi Z
  Institutions: Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran, Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  
   
  
  (Viridiplantae)
  CSDB ID 50616 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6613
  Balestrini R, Romera C, Puigdomenech P, Bonfante P "Location of a cell-wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, cellulose and β-1,3-glucans in apical and differentiated regions of maize mycorrhizal roots" - Planta 195 (1994) 201-209
  

  The cell-wall components of the interface compartment in functioning mycorrhizal roots of maize (Zea mays L. cv. W64A) have been investigated with the use of immunocytochemistry and enzyme/lectin-gold techniques. The distribution of specific cell-wall probes was determined in the apical and differentiated regions of maize roots in the presence and in the absence of the mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus versiforme. Labelling experiments showed that a maize hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP), identified with a specific antibody, was particularly abundant in the apical dividing cells of the root meristem. Cellulose, located with a cellobiohydrolase-gold complex, showed a similar labelling pattern in the walls of both meristematic and differentiated parts of the roots. When the cortex was colonized by the mycorrhizal fungus, the HRGP and cellulose were expressed in two sites: the wall and the interface area created by invagination of the host membrane around the developing fungus. In contrast, in uninfected roots of the same age, they were only present in the inner part of the wall. A specific antibody against β-1,3-glucans demonstrated that these glucans were not laid down at the interface between the plant and fungus, while they appeared to be a skeletal component of the fungal wall, together with chitin.

  cell wall, cellulose, β-1, arbuscular mycorrhizae, 3-glucans, hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, zea root meristem

  Publication DOI: 10.1007/BF00199680
  Journal NLM ID: 1250576
  Publisher: Berlin, New York, Springer
  Institutions: Dipartimento di Biologia, Vegetale dell'Università, Torino, Italy, Departamento de Genetica Molecular, CID-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
  Methods: microscopy, immunocytochemistry
  
   
  
  Zea mays cv. W64A
  CSDB ID 147174 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 7855
  Elsayed EA, El Enshasy H, Wadaan MA, Aziz R "Mushrooms: a potential natural source of anti-inflammatory compounds for medical applications" - Mediators of Inflammation 2014 (2014) ID 805841
  

  For centuries, macrofungi have been used as food and medicine in different parts of the world. This is mainly attributed to their nutritional value as a potential source of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, and minerals. In addition, they also include many bioactive metabolites which make mushrooms and truffles common components in folk medicine, especially in Africa, the Middle East, China, and Japan. The reported medicinal effects of mushrooms include anti-inflammatory effects, with anti-inflammatory compounds of mushrooms comprising a highly diversified group in terms of their chemical structure. They include polysaccharides, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and many other low molecular weight molecules. The aims of this review are to report the different types of bioactive metabolites and their relevant producers, as well as the different mechanisms of action of mushroom compounds as potent anti-inflammatory agents.

  reishi, Ganoderma, ganoderic acid

  NCBI PubMed ID: 25505823
  Publication DOI: 10.1155/2014/805841
  Journal NLM ID: 9209001
  Publisher: Sylvania, OH: Hindawi Pub. Corp.
  Correspondence: Elsayed EA
  Institutions: Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia, City of Scientific Research and Technology Application, New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
  
   
  
  Agaricus blazei
  CSDB ID 46287 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 7934
  Coelho E, Pinto M, Pinto RJB, Freire CSR, Coimbra MA "Polysaccharide characterization of brewers spent yeast insoluble residue after chlorite oxidation treatment" - Trends in Carbohydrate Research 7(1) (2015) 33-40
  

  Brewers spent yeast insoluble residue (BSYIR) is the insoluble material that remains after the exhaustive extraction with strong alkali solutions of brewers spent yeast (BSY). BSYIR contains 57% polysaccharides, composed mainly of glucose residues (98%) and minor amount of mannose residues (1%). The glucans were mainly (1→4)-linked (56.6%); with lower amounts of (1→3)-, (1→4,6)-, terminal-, (1→6)-, and (1→3,6)-linked glucose residues, together with terminal- and (1→6)-linked mannose residues. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that in BSYIR the spherical shape of BSY was preserved. However, when the BSYIR was treated with chlorite solutions, either under alkali or acidic conditions, followed by an extraction with aqueous KOH (0.1 M) solution, it promoted the destruction of the cell wall three-dimensional structure. The treatments with chlorite solutions allowed the solubilisation of yeast non carbohydrate material in BSYIR and the recovered residues were enriched in carbohydrates. The residue left after treatment with chlorite under alkaline solutions was composed of 92% of carbohydrates and the residue left with chlorite/acetic acid treatment contained 89% carbohydrate. Both residues were composed of only glucose. Comparing the BSYIR with the residue obtained after treatment with chlorite under alkaline solutions, it was observed an enrichment in linear glucans, (1→4)-Glc (61%) and (1→3)-Glc (from 17% to 20%), and the decrease in branched glucans, namely (1→4,6)-Glc, from 10% to 4%. The results obtained show that the three-dimensional spherical structure of the yeast cell wall is preserved by a network of glucans and mannoproteins. The oxidation of this network promotes its disruption by formation of an unbranched compact structure of glucans.

  glycoproteins, Glucans, Saccharomyces pastorianus, scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM)

  Journal NLM ID: 101634698
  WWW link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274635136_Polysaccharide_Characterization_of_Brewers_Spent_Yeast_Insoluble_Residue_after_Chlorite_Oxidation_Treatment
  Publisher: Dehra Dun, India: Association of Carbohydrate Chemists and Technologists
  Correspondence: ecoelho@ua.pt
  Institutions: QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal, CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
  Methods: GC-MS, extraction, NaBH4 reduction, dialysis, SEM, centrifugation, NaClO2 oxidation
  
   
  
  Saccharomyces pastorianus
  CSDB ID 42366 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10377
  Sauter M, Seagull RW, Kende H "Internodal elongation and orientation of cellulose microfibrils and microtubules in deepwater rice" - Planta 190 (1993) 354-362
  
  Journal NLM ID: 1250576
  Publisher: Berlin, New York, Springer
  
   
  
  Oryza sativa
  CSDB ID 147153 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10599
  Wakabayashi K, Sakurai N, Kuraishi S "Role of the outer tissue in abscisic acid-mediated growth suppression of etiolated squash hypocotyl segments" - Physiologia Plantarum 75 (1989) 151-156
  
  Journal NLM ID: 1256322
  Publisher: Copenhagen: Scandinavian Society For Plant Physiology
  
   
  
  Cucurbita maxima
  CSDB ID 145248 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10602
  Acebes JL, Lorences EP, Revilla G, Zarra I "Pine xyloglucan. Occurrence, localization and interaction with cellulose" - Physiologia Plantarum 89 (1993) 417-422
  
  Journal NLM ID: 1256322
  Publisher: Copenhagen: Scandinavian Society For Plant Physiology
  
   
  
  Pinus pinaster
  CSDB ID 145281 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10642
  Sakurai N, Tanaka S, Kuraishi S "Changes in wall polysaccharides of squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) hypocotyls under water stress condition. I. Wall sugar composition and growth as affected by water stress" - Plant and Cell Physiology 28 (1987) 1051-1058
  
  Journal NLM ID: 9430925
  Publisher: Tokyo: Oxford University Press
  
   
  
  Cucurbita maxima
  CSDB ID 146880 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10643
  Wakabayashi K, Sakurai N, Kuraishi S "Effects of ABA on synthesis of cell-wall polysaccharides in segments of etiolated squash hypocotyl. I. Changes in incorporation of glucose and myo-inositol into cell-wall components" - Plant and Cell Physiology 30 (1989) 99-105
  
  Journal NLM ID: 9430925
  Publisher: Tokyo: Oxford University Press
  
   
  
  Cucurbita maxima
  CSDB ID 146881 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10644
  Wakabayashi K, Sakurai N, Kuraishi S "Effects of abscisic acid on the synthesis of cell-wall polysaccharides in segments of etiolated squash hypocotyl. II. Levels of UDP-neutral sugars" - Plant and Cell Physiology 32 (1991) 427-432
  
  Journal NLM ID: 9430925
  Publisher: Tokyo: Oxford University Press
  
   
  
  Cucurbita maxima
  CSDB ID 146882 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10645
  Wakabayashi K, Yamaura K, Sakurai N, Kuraishi S "Unchanged molecular-weight distribution of xyloglucans in outer tissue cell walls along inact growing hypocotyls of squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) seedlings" - Plant and Cell Physiology 34 (1993) 143-149
  
  Journal NLM ID: 9430925
  Publisher: Tokyo: Oxford University Press
  
   
  
  Cucurbita maxima
  CSDB ID 146887 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10647
  Kokubo A, Kuraishi S, Sakurai N "Culm strength of barley. Correlation among maximum bending stress, cell wall dimensions, and cellulose content" - Plant Physiology 91 (1989) 876-882
  

  Grass culms are known to differ in breaking strength, but there is little physicochemical data to explain the response. The fourth internode of four brittle and two nonbrittle barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) strains were used for physical and chemical studies of culm strength. Inner and outer culm diameters of brittle strains (3.6 +/- 0.2 and 5.0 +/- 0.1 millimeters) were not significantly different from those of nonbrittle strains (3.9 +/- 0.2 and 5.2 +/- 0.2 millimeters). Maximum bending stress, at which the culm was broken, was 192 +/- 34 g/mm(2) for brittle and 490 +/- 38 g/mm(2) for nonbrittle strains. Wall thickness and cell dimensions of epidermal, sclerenchyma, and parenchyma cells were measured in culm cross sections. The area of cell wall per unit cell area for each tissue was significantly correlated with the maximum bending stress (r = 0.93 for epidermis, 0.90 for sclerenchyma, and 0.84 for parenchyma). Cell walls of brittle culms had 6 to 64% as much cellulose content as those of nonbrittle culms. Maximum bending stress correlated significantly with cellulose content of the cell walls (r = 0.93), but not with the contents of noncellulosic compounds. The lower cellulose content of the brittle culm was significantly correlated with brittleness.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 16667151
  Journal NLM ID: 0401224
  Publisher: American Society of Plant Biologists
  Institutions: Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Naka-ku, Hiroshima 730, Japan
  
   
  
  Hordeum vulgare
  CSDB ID 147002 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10648
  Wakabayashi K, Sakurai N, Kuraishi S "Sugar composition and molecular weight distribution of cell wall polysaccharides in outer and inner tissues from segments of dark grown squash (Cucurbita maxima duch.) hypocotyls" - Plant Physiology 93 (1990) 998-1004
  

  The elongation growth of stem segments is determined by the outer cell layers (epidermis and collenchyma). We measured the sugar composition and molecular weight distribution of pectin and hemicellulose fractions obtained from inner and outer tissues of squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) hypocotyls. In addition, we studied the changes in these parameters after a 9 hour period of incubation of the segments. The results show that outer tissues have higher molecular weight pectin and hemicellulose compared to inner tissues (2-3 times higher). Incubation results in a 13 to 25% decrease in the amount of pectin and hemicellulose in inner tissues and an increase of 11 to 32% in the outer tissues. This increase in the outer tissues is accompanied by a decrease in the molecular weight of some of the components. These results clearly show that cell wall metabolism during elongation growth differs markedly in inner and outer tissues, and that future studies on the effect of auxin need to take these differences into account.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 16667612
  Journal NLM ID: 0401224
  Publisher: American Society of Plant Biologists
  Institutions: Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 730, Japan
  
   
  
  Cucurbita maxima
  CSDB ID 147010 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10649
  Wakabayashi K, Sakurai N, Kuraishi S "Differential effect of auxin on molecular weight distributions of xyloglucans in cell walls of outer and inner tissues from segments of dark grown squash (Cucurbita maxima duch.) hypocotyls" - Plant Physiology 95 (1991) 1070-1076
  

  Effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the mechanical properties of cell walls and structures of cell wall polysaccharides in outer and inner tissues of segments of dark grown squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) hypocotyls were investigated. IAA induced the elongation of unpeeled, intact segments, but had no effect on the elongation of peeled segments. IAA induced the cell wall loosening in outer tissues as studied by the stress-relaxation analysis but not in inner tissues. IAA-induced changes in the net sugar content of cell wall fractions in outer and inner tissues were very small. Extracted hemicellulosic xyloglucans derived from outer tissues had a molecular weight about two times as large as in inner tissues, and the molecular weight of xyloglucans in both outer and inner tissues decreased during incubation. IAA substantially accelerated the depolymerization of xyloglucans in outer tissues, while it prevented that in inner tissues. These results suggest that IAA-induced growth in intact segments is due to the cell wall loosening in outer tissues, and that IAA-accelerated depolymerization of hemicellulosic xyloglucans in outer tissues is involved in the cell wall loosening processes.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 16668092
  Journal NLM ID: 0401224
  Publisher: American Society of Plant Biologists
  Institutions: Biological Laboratory, Faculty of Education, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 760, Japan
  
   
  
  Cucurbita maxima
  CSDB ID 147015 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10650
  Kokubo A, Sakurai N, Kuraishi S, Takeda K "Culm brittleness of barley (Hordeum vulgare l.) mutants is caused by smaller number of cellulose molecules in cell wall" - Plant Physiology 97 (1991) 509-514
  

  The physicochemical nature of the cell wall was determined in the fourth internode of three isogenic brittle mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and corresponding nonbrittle strains. Cellulose contents of the brittle culms were 17.5 to 20.3% of those of corresponding nonbrittle strains. No major difference was found in lignin and noncellulose components (except glucose) between brittle and nonbrittle strains. Maximum bending stresses of brittle culms were 38.0 to 54.2% of those of corresponding nonbrittle strains. The degree of polymerization of cellulose, measured by viscometry, was similar between the brittle and the nonbrittle strains. Mole number of cellulose molecules in a unit length of brittle culms, calculated by dividing cellulose mass by molecular weight, was 7.7 to 17.3% of those of the nonbrittle strains. These results indicate that brittleness of mutant culms is due to fewer numbers of cellulose molecules in the cell walls.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 16668428
  Journal NLM ID: 0401224
  Publisher: American Society of Plant Biologists
  Institutions: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Naka-ku, Hiroshima 730, Japan
  
   
  
  Hordeum vulgare
  CSDB ID 147016 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10651
  Van HL, Kuraishi S, Sakurai N "Aluminum-induced rapid root inhibition and changes in cell-wall components of squash seedlings" - Plant Physiology 106 (1994) 971-976
  

  Growth of squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) roots was significantly inhibited by 1 mM AlCl3 as early as 1 h after the treatment. The growth inhibition was confined to the elongating zone (1-6 mm from the root tip). Chemical analysis of cell-wall polysaccharides from roots revealed that aluminum increased pectin, hemi-cellulose, and cellulose contents after 3 h of treatment. The effect of aluminum on pectin content was found in the elongating zone including the root tip, whereas change in cellulose content was confined to only nonelongating zones. Hemicellulose content increased in all of the regions along the root axis. The increase in the pectin fraction was due to the increases in uronic acids, galactose, and arabinose constituents, whereas hemicellulose content changed due to increases in glucose, xylose, galactose, and arabinose. The results clearly indicate that aluminum rapidly reduced squash root growth by inhibiting cell elongation and altering metabolism of cell-wall polysaccharides in the nonelongating zone as well as in the elongating zone.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 12232377
  Journal NLM ID: 0401224
  Publisher: American Society of Plant Biologists
  Institutions: Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 724, Japan
  
   
  
  Cucurbita maxima
  CSDB ID 147094 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10652
  McQueen-Mason SJ, Cosgrove DJ "Expansin mode of action on cell walls - Analysis of wall hydrolysis, stress relaxation, and binding" - Plant Physiology 107 (1995) 87-100
  

  The biochemical mechanisms underlying cell wall expansion in plants have long been a matter of conjecture. Previous work in our laboratory identified two proteins (named "expansins") that catalyze the acid-induced extension of isolated cucumber cell walls. Here we examine the mechanism of expansin action with three approaches. First, we report that expansins did not alter the molecular mass distribution or the viscosity of solutions of matrix polysaccharides. We conclude that expansins do not hydrolyze the major pectins or hemicelluloses of the cucumber wall. Second, we investigated the effects of expansins on stress relaxation of isolated walls. These studies show that expansins account for the pH-sensitive and heat-labile components of wall stress relaxation. In addition, these experiments show that expansins do not cause a progressive weakening of the walls, as might be expected from the action of a hydrolase. Third, we studied the binding of expansins to the cell wall and its components. The binding characteristics are consistent with this being the site of expansin action. We found that expansins bind weakly to crystalline cellulose but that this binding is greatly increased upon coating the cellulose with various hemicelluloses. Xyloglucan, either solubilized or as a coating on cellulose microfibrils, was not very effective as a binding substrate. Expansins were present in growing cell walls in low quantities (approximately 1 part in 5000 on a dry weight basis), suggesting that they function catalytically. We conclude that expansins bind at the interface between cellulose microfibrils and matrix polysaccharides in the wall and induce extension by reversibly disrupting noncovalent bonds within this polymeric network. Our results suggest that a minor structural component of the matrix, other than pectin and xyloglucan, plays an important role in expansin binding to the wall and, presumably, in expansin action.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 11536663
  Journal NLM ID: 0401224
  Publisher: American Society of Plant Biologists
  Institutions: Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
  
   
  
  Cucumis sativus
  CSDB ID 147097 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10653
  Zablackis E, Huang J, Muller B, Darvill AG, Albersheim P "Structure of plant cell wall. 39. Characterization of the cell-wall polysaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves" - Plant Physiology 107 (1995) 1129-1138
  

  The cell-wall polysaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves have been isolated, purified, and characterized. The primary cell walls of all higher plants that have been studied contain cellulose, the three pectic polysaccharides homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I and rhamnogalacturonan II, the two hemicelluloses xyloglucan and glucuronoarabinoxylan, and structural glycoproteins. The cell walls of Arabidopsis leaves contain each of these components and no others that we could detect, and these cell walls are remarkable in that they are particularly rich in phosphate buffer-soluble polysaccharides (34% of the wall). The pectic polysaccharides of the purified cell walls consist of rhamnogalacturonan I (11%), rhamnogalacturonon II (8%), and homogalacturonan (23%). Xyloglucan (XG) accounts for 20% of the wall, and the oligosaccharide fragments generated from XG by endoglucanase consist of the typical subunits of other higher plant XGs. Glucuronoarabinoxylan (4%), cellulose (14%) and protein (14%) account for the remainder of the wall. Except for the phosphate buffer-soluble pectic polysaccharides, the polysaccharides of Arabidopsis leaf cell walls occur in proportions similar to those of other plants. The structure of the Arabidopsis cell-wall polysaccharides are typical of those of many other plants.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 7770522
  Publication DOI: 10.​1104/​pp.​107.​4.​1129
  Journal NLM ID: 0401224
  Publisher: American Society of Plant Biologists
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-4712, USA
  Methods: gel filtration, 1H NMR, GLC, HPLC, CC
  
   
  
  Arabidopsis thaliana
  CSDB ID 147103 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10654
  Gane AM, Weinhandl JA, Bacic A, Harris PJ "Histochemistry and composition of the cell was of styles of Nicotiana alata Link et Otto" - Planta 195 (1994) 217-225
  

  The cell walls of styles of Nicotiana alata Link et Otto (ornamental tobacco; Solanaceae) were analysed chemically and examined histochemically. Cell-wall preparations were obtained from whole styles and from isolated transmitting-tissue cells. The style epidermal cells were shown histochemically to have thick, lignified secondary walls. These walls probably constituted a large proportion of the cell-wall preparation from whole styles as analysis of whole-style walls indicated that the major polysaccharides were xylans and cellulose, which are typical of lignified secondary walls of Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons). Lignification of the style epidermal walls was also demonstrated histochemically in 10 other species (5 genera including Nicotiana) of the sub-family Cestroideae of the Solanaceae, but not in 15 species (9 genera) of the sub-family Solanoideae of the Solanaceae, nor in 3 other species of dicotyledons and 2 species of Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Analysis of the cell-wall preparation from isolated transmitting-tissue cells of N. alata indicated that these contained cellulose, xyloglucans, and pectic polysaccharides, which is typical of primary cell walls of dicotyledons. However, the analysis indicated that the walls also contained an unusually high proportion of Type II arabinogalactans. Staining of the transmitting-tissue cell-wall preparation with β-glucosyl Yariv reagent, a histochemical reagent specific for arabinogalactan proteins, confirmed their presence, which may be related to the role of these cells in secreting the stylar extracellular matrix.

  polysaccharide, cell wall, lignin, Nicotiana, arabinogalactan protein, style

  Publication DOI: 10.1007/BF00199682
  Journal NLM ID: 1250576
  Publisher: Berlin, New York, Springer
  Institutions: Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  
   
  
  Nicotiana alata
  CSDB ID 147176 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10966
  Daayf F, Nicol, M, Boher B, Pando A, Geiger JP "Early vascular defense reactions of cotton roots infected with a defoliating mutant strain of Verticillium dahliae" - European Journal of Plant Pathology 103(2) (1997) 125-136
  

  Susceptible and resistant cotton lines were cytologically and histochemically investigated for their defense reactions to a highly aggressive and defoliating strain of Verticillium dahliae, a fungus responsible for vascular wilt. Cytochemistry showed that early responses consisted of reinforcement in structural barriers with polysaccharides, including callose and cellulose. Ultrastructural modifications of parenchyma cells of the vascular tissues were associated with strong production of terpenoids and phenolics. These defense reactions were detected early in roots of the resistant line, one to four days after inoculation, while they were seen later in roots of the susceptible line.

  ultrastructure, terpenoids, phenolics, callose, cytochemistry, vascular wilt

  Publication DOI: 10.1023/A:1018558225454
  Journal NLM ID: 100955210
  Institutions: ORSTOM, Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier, France
  Methods: immunochemical methods, transmission electron microscopy
  
   
  
  Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense
  CSDB ID 40042 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10968
  Chowdhury J, Henderson M, Schweizer P, Burton RA, Fincher GB, Little A "Differential accumulation of callose, arabinoxylan and cellulose in nonpenetrated versus penetrated papillae on leaves of barley infected with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei" - New Phytologist 204(3) (2014) 650-660
  

  In plants, cell walls are one of the first lines of defence for protecting cells from successful invasion by fungal pathogens and are a major factor in basal host resistance. For the plant cell to block penetration attempts, it must adapt its cell wall to withstand the physical and chemical forces applied by the fungus. Papillae that have been effective in preventing penetration by pathogens are traditionally believed to contain callose as the main polysaccharide component. Here, we have re-examined the composition of papillae of barley (Hordeum vulgare) attacked by the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) using a range of antibodies and carbohydrate-binding modules that are targeted to cell wall polysaccharides. The data show that barley papillae induced during infection with Bgh contain, in addition to callose, significant concentrations of cellulose and arabinoxylan. Higher concentrations of callose, arabinoxylan and cellulose are found in effective papillae, compared with ineffective papillae. The papillae have a layered structure, with the inner core consisting of callose and arabinoxylan and the outer layer containing arabinoxylan and cellulose. The association of arabinoxylan and cellulose with penetration resistance suggests new targets for the improvement of papilla composition and enhanced disease resistance.

  cellulose, callose, Blumeria graminis, arabinoxylan, papillae, penetration, powdery mildew

  NCBI PubMed ID: 25138067
  Publication DOI: 10.1111/nph.12974
  Journal NLM ID: 9882884
  Publisher: Blackwell Publishing
  Correspondence: Little A
  Institutions: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
  Methods: electron microscopy, confocal microscopy
  
   
  
  Hordeum vulgare
  CSDB ID 46400 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10991
  Vallet C, Lemaire G, Monties B, Chabbert B "Cell wall fractionation of alfalfa stem in relation to internode development: Biochemistry aspect" - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46(9) (1998) 3458-3467
  

  In addition to morphological factors (height of the plant, proportion of stems), alfalfa quality is related to several biochemical factors, especially the content and monomeric composition of the cell wall components. This work was aimed at studying internode development in relation to the chemical composition and fractionation of cell walls. Analyses were performed on the fourth apical internodes (elongating), the two following ones (onset of cambial activity), and bottom internodes (mature). Deposition of guaiacyl type lignin occurred in the pectin rich cell walls of apical internodes. The onset of cambial activity corresponded to cell wall accumulation of syringyl-guaiacyl lignin, xylans and/or glucuronoxylans, and cellulose. Such events were related to the thickening of secondary cell walls which proportion increased in mature internodes. Chemical fractionation of the cell walls allowed the release of a high content of water soluble pectins from apical internodes, whereas alkalis were more efficient in extracting heteroxylans from bottom internodes. A partial release of lignin from the cell walls also occurred during the extraction steps. Lignin solubilization was enhanced by the cleavage of labile-ether lignin structures and appeared closely related to the extent of internode differentiation along the stem. Data gained from chemical fractionations evidenced that lignin-xylan-pectic complexes accumulated progressively in secondary wall rich tissues.

  cell wall, growth, lignin, Medicago sativa, structural polysaccharides, length, internode

  Publication DOI: 10.1021/jf9709818
  Journal NLM ID: 0374755
  Publisher: American Chemical Society
  Correspondence: Chabbert B
  Institutions: Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, INRA-INAPG, Thiverval Grignon, France, Station d’Ecophysiologie des Plantes Fourragres, INRA, Lusignan, France, UPBP-Biochimie des Macromolècules Végétales, INRA, Reims, France
  Methods: extraction, microscopy, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, m-hydroxydiphenyl colorimetric method, filtration
  
   
  
  Medicago sativa
  CSDB ID 60777 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10992
  Pennell R "Cell walls: structures and signals" - Current Opinion in Plant Biology 1(6) (1998) 504-510
  

  Cell walls harbor proteins and polysaccharides able to condition the development of a plant. In the past year, genes and enzymes modulating the composition and physical properties of walls have been characterized, and wall composition has been linked to the way a cell interacts with another cell, and to the way in which it differentiates. The sum of the signaling and physical activities of a cell wall may explain much about the control of development.

  polysaccharides, mutants, deep-water rice, xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, arabinogalactan-proteins, developmental regulation, arabidopsis-thaliana, root-meristem, expansion, localization

  NCBI PubMed ID: 10066626
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(98)80043-5
  Journal NLM ID: 100883395
  Publisher: London: Current Biology Ltd.
  Correspondence: rpennell@ceres-inc.com
  Institutions: Ceres Inc., Malibu, USA
  Methods: extraction, microscopy, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, m-hydroxydiphenyl colorimetric method, filtration
  
   
  
  Arabidopsis
  CSDB ID 60778 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10993
  Morrison IM, Stewart D "Plant cell wall fragments released on solubilisation in trifluoroacetic acid" - Phytochemistry 49(6) (1998) 1555-1563
  

  A scheme is presented for the fractionation of plant cell walls and treated plant cell walls (fibres) after suspending/dissolving in >99% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), with oat straw and crystalline cellulose being given as examples. While cleavage of covalent bonds occurs, particularly in the non-cellulosic polysaccharides, many bonds are not hydrolysed and fragments have been identified in which covalent bonds remain between carbohydrates and phenolic components. Cellulose chains do not undergo extensive hydrolysis, even after being dissolved in TFA for at least 8 days. However, CP/MAS NMR and DRIFT IR spectroscopy both confirm that the secondary and tertiary structures of regenerated cellulose are severely modified. By analogy with the crystalline cellulose sample, all the cellulose from the oat straw should be present in the material which is soluble in TFA but is precipitated on addition of water (fraction II). The DRIFT spectrum of oat straw fraction II confirms the presence of non-cellulosic components as well. Most of the lignin from the straw is present in the fraction not soluble in TFA.

  cellulose, phenolics, Gramineae, Avena sativa, oat straw, non-cellulosic polysaccharides, trifluoroacetic acid, DRIFT spectroscopy, CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy

  NCBI PubMed ID: 11711064
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(98)00244-1
  Journal NLM ID: 0151434
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, UK
  Methods: centrifugation, TFA hydrolysis, 13C CPMAS NMR, DRIFT IR
  
   
  
  Avena sativa
  CSDB ID 60779 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 10995
  Schindler TM "The new view of the primary cell wall" - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science = Zeitschrift Für Pflanzenernährung Und Bodenkunde 161(5) (1998) 499-508
  

  The plant cell wall is essential to almost every aspect of plant life. The cell wall is a dynamic and highly ordered complex of polysaccharides, structural proteins and phenolics. The introduction of new techniques in the study of cell-wall architecture, namely the availability of antibodies to cell wall components, new methods in electron microscopy, application of physico-chemical techniques like FTIR and NMR as well as refined biochemical analyses have substantially changed our conception of the cell wall. The extracellular matrix is no longer understood as a static, mainly covalently cross-linked macromolecular structure but as a flexible, developmentally regulated network that is largely based on non-covalent interactions. Three principally independent but interacting networks that form local microdomains can be distinguished: The cellulose-microfibril-xyloglucan network, the network of pectins and the network of structural cell wall proteins. This review summarizes the current ideas about the architecture and biochemical composition of primary cell walls.

  polysaccharides, nuclear magnetic resonance, Arabidopsis thaliana, arabinogalactan proteins, plant extracellular matrix, auxin mediated growth, maize coleoptiles, suspension cultures, cross linking, carrot cells

  Publication DOI: 10.1002/jpln.1998.3581610503
  Journal NLM ID: 101536480
  Publisher: Wiley-VCH
  Institutions: Biologisches Institut, Freiburg, Germany
  
   
  
  (plant)
  CSDB ID 60782 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 11270
  Ha MA, Apperley DC, Evans BW, Max Huxham I, Gordon Jardine W, Vietor RJ, Reis D, Vian B, Jarvis MC "Fine structure in cellulose microfibrils: NMR evidence from onion and quince" - Plant Journal: for Cell and Molecular Biology 16(2) (1998) 183-190
  

  It has been controversial for many years whether in the cellulose of higher plants, the microfibrils are aggregates of 'elementary fibrils', which have been suggested to be about 3.5 nm in diameter. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy was used to examine two celluloses whose fibril diameters had been established by electron microscopy: onion (810 nm, but containing 40% of xyloglucan as well as cellulose) and quince (2 nm cellulose core). Both of these forms of cellulose contained crystalline units of similar size, as estimated from the ratio of surface to interior chains, and the time required for proton magnetisation to diffuse from the surface to the interior. It is suggested that the onion microfibrils must therefore be constructed from a number of cellulose subunits 2 nm in diameter, smaller than the 'elementary fibrils' envisaged previously. The size of these subunits would permit a hexagonal arrangement resembling the cellulose synthase complex.

  cellulose, electron microscopy, fiber, xyloglucan, cellulose synthase, onion, quince

  NCBI PubMed ID: 22507135
  Publication DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1998.00291.x
  Journal NLM ID: 9207397
  Publisher: Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishers and BIOS Scientific Publishers for the Society for Experimental Biology
  Correspondence: Jarvis MC
  Institutions: Chemistry Department, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK, EPSRC Solid-state NMR Service, Durham University, Durham, UK, INRA Laboratoire de Pathologie Végétale, Paris, France
  Methods: 13C NMR, proton spin-diffusion
  
   
  
  Allium cepa, Cydonia oblonga
  CSDB ID 63758 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 11272
  Reiter W "Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system to study synthesis, structure, and function of the plant cell wall" - Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 36(1-2) (1998) 167-176
  

  The cell wall of higher plants has been studied in numerous species using methods of carbohydrate chemistry, biochemistry and cell biology portraying the wall as a dynamic structure composed of highly complex polysaccharides and structural proteins encoded by multi-gene families. The recent discovery of proteins involved in cell wall loosening has provided opportunities to elucidate the mechanism of extension growth. Genetic tools have rarely been used to analyze the function of these proteins in vivo, or to identify genes involved in the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides. It has recently been demonstrated that mutants with changes in cell wall composition can be isolated in Arabidopsis thaliana opening possibilities to clone genes involved in the synthesis or modification of cell wall material via map-based approaches. The number of Arabidopsis mutants in cell wall synthesis is very limited, suggesting that novel screening procedures are required to come closer to the goal of saturating cell wall biosynthetic pathways. The availability of large numbers of expressed sequence tags in combination with collections of T-DNA and transposon-tagged Arabidopsis lines offers a considerable potential for the genetic characterization of cell wall-related genes which can be identified via database searches. The recent identification of Arabidopsis genes involved in the synthesis of cell wall precursors, and the discovery of plant homologs to bacterial cellulose synthases offer numerous and exciting possibilities for the genetic dissection of cell wall synthesis in higher plants using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system.

  polysaccharide, Arabidopsis, nucleotide sugar, xyloglucan, cellulose synthase, cell wall mutant, expansin

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0981-9428(98)80101-0
  Journal NLM ID: 9882449
  Publisher: Elsevier Science for Société Française De Physiologie Végétale
  Correspondence: wdreiter@uconnvm.uconn.edu
  Institutions: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Materials Science, Storrs, US
  
   
  
  Arabidopsis thaliana
  CSDB ID 63451 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 12077
  Jalili T, Wildman REC, Medeiros DM "Nutraceutical roles of dietary fiber" - Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional and Medical Foods 2(4) (2000) 19-34
  

  Over the years numerous studies have lauded the benefits of a high fiber diet. In fact, fiber along with β-carotene and co-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may be viewed as the emissaries of the modern day nutraceutical and functional foods field. In accordance, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved the use of several health claims related to either the specific or general fiber content of a food. Fiberous molecules include the complex carbohydrates cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin, algal polysaccharides and mucilages along with the polyphenolic structural molecule lignin. While by strict definition fiber is not considered dietary essential, the health promoting benefits of higher fiber diet has made this class of nutrients very recognizable in the rapidly developing nutraceutical field. Fiber consumption has been linked in decreased incidence of heart disease, various types of cancer, and diverticulosis. While still controversial, it has also been proposed that fiber might be beneficial to individuals with diabetes mellitus in controlling their blood glucose response to a given meal. Fiber structure, physical properties and their role in health promotion will be discussed in this review.

  diabetes, cancer, fiber, nutraceuticals, functional foods, heart disease

  Publication DOI: 10.1300/J133v02n04_03
  Journal NLM ID: 9889821
  Publisher: Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press
  Correspondence: wildman@louisiana.edu
  Institutions: Division of Foods and Nutrition, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA, Dietetics Program, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, USA, Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
  
   
  
  (plant)
  CSDB ID 66437 (all data & tools)