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1. (Article ID: 6912)
 
Penha CV, Todeschini AR, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Wait R, Jones C, Mattos KA, Heise N, Mendonça-Previato L, Previato JO
Characterization of novel structures of mannosylinositolphosphorylceramides from the yeast forms of Sporothrix schenckii
European Journal of Biochemistry 268 (2001) 4243-4250
 

Novel structures of glycoinositolphosphorylceramide (GIPC) from the infective yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii were determined by methylation analysis, mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The lipid portion was characterized as a ceramide composed of C-18 phytosphingosine N-acylated by either 2-hydroxylignoceric acid (80%), lignoceric (15%) or 2,3-dihydroxylignoceric acids (5%). The ceramide was linked through a phosphodiester to myo-inositol (Ins) which is substituted on position O-6 by an oligomannose chain. GIPC-derived Ins oligomannosides were liberated by ammonolysis and characterized as: Manp-α1→6Ins; Manp-α1→3Manp-α1→6Ins; Manp-α1→6Manp-α1→3Manp-α1→3Manp-α1→6Ins; Manp-α1→2Manp-α1→6Manp-α1→3Manp-α1→3Manp-α1→6Ins. These structures comprise a novel family of fungal GIPC, as they contain the Manp-α1→6Ins substructure, which has not previously been characterized unambigously, and may be acylated with a 2,3-dihydroxylignoceric fatty acid, a feature hitherto undescribed in fungal lipids.

NMR, mass spectrometry, Sporothrix schenckii, glycoinositolphosphorylceramide

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2. (Article ID: 8141)
 
Dalonso N, Goldman GH, Gern RM
β-(1→3),(1→6)-Glucans: medicinal activities, characterization, biosynthesis and new horizons
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 99(19) (2015) 7893-7906
 

Biological activities of medicinal mushrooms have been attributed to β-(1→3),(1→6)-glucans that are present in the cell wall of fungi and some plants. Antitumor, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antinociception, antiinflammatory, prebiotic, antioxidant, and antidiabetic are some of different properties already described for β-(1→3),(1→6)-glucans. Immune activation systems, including specific β-glucan receptors like Dectin-1, complement (CR3), and Toll (TLR), have been identified to clarify these biological effects. The β-(1→3)-glucans are synthesized by β-(1→3)-glucan synthase (GLS), an enzyme belonging to the glucosyltransferase group, which has a catalytic unit (FKS) and another regulatory (RHO). The mechanisms for adding β-(1→6) branches to the non-reducing ends of the β-(1→3)-glucan chains are unclear until now. Due to the biological importance of β-(1→3),(1→6)-glucan, it is necessary to understand the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of its synthesis, both to optimize the production of bioactive compounds and to develop antifungal drugs that interrupt this process. Therefore, the aim of this review is to gather information about the potential of β-(1→3),(1→6)-glucans, their methods of isolation, purification, and chemical characterization, as well as how these biomolecules are synthesized by fungi and what studies involving biotechnology or molecular biology have contributed to this subject.

characterization, biotechnology, molecular biology, β-(1→3), (1→6)-glucans, β-(1→3)-glucan synthase, medicinal activities

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