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In this work, a simple method was developed to increase cell wall porosity and to achieve partial hydrolysis of β-glucan. First, the cells were permeabilized using ethanol under agitation. Then the cells were treated with glass beads to increase cell wall porosity and subjected to an enzymatic treatment to degrade glycogen at 65 °C for 30 minutes. Finally, the cells were incubated at 57 °C for 2 hours to partially degrade β-glucan. Whole cells, permeabilized cells and permeabilized cells with partially hydrolyzed β-glucan were evaluated by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. From the images of permeabilized cells with partially hydrolyzed β-glucan it was possible to visualize structures named "ghosts", which are alike along microcapsules containing β-glucan. These structures can be used to aggregate β-glucan in food industrialized products.
hydrolysis, β-glucan
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Δ3(E)-unsaturated fatty acids are characteristic components of glycosylceramides from some fungi, including also human- and plant-pathogenic species. The function and genetic basis for this unsaturation is unknown. For Fusarium graminearum, which is pathogenic to grasses and cereals, we could show that the level of Delta3-unsaturation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) was highest at low temperatures and decreased when the fungus was grown above 28 degrees C. With a bioinformatics approach, we identified a new family of polypeptides carrying the histidine box motifs characteristic for membrane-bound desaturases. One of the corresponding genes was functionally characterized as a sphingolipid-Δ3(E)-desaturase. Deletion of the candidate gene in F. graminearum resulted in loss of the Δ3(E)-double bond in the fatty acyl moiety of GlcCer. Heterologous expression of the corresponding cDNA from F. graminearum in the yeast Pichia pastoris led to the formation of Δ3(E)-unsaturated GlcCer.
glycolipid, Glycosylceramide
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Schizophyllan is a neutral extracellular polysaccharide produced by the fungus Schizophyllum commune, consisting of a 1,3-β-D-linked backbone of glucose residues with 1,6-β-D-glucosyl side groups. The polysaccharide rheological properties have been studied in the fermentation aqueous media over the time period of 168 h. The rheology of the schizophyllan produced by Schizophyllum commune NRCM isolated during the 168 h fermentation is also studied by determining the consistency index, 'K' and flow behavior index, 'n' of the fermentation broth and isolated schizophyllan samples. For measurement of intrinsic viscosity, [η], the viscosity was determined at 25°C, at low polymer concentration and at low shear rate range. Schizophyllan biopolymer dispersion obeyed Power Law Model. Fermentation broth showed Newtonian behavior up to 96 h of fermentation time, beyond which the flow behavior was pseudoplastic. The molecular weight of schizophyllan was found to be 554000 Daltons after 168 h fermentation using Mark-Houwink relation.
intrinsic viscosity, schizophyllan, Schizophyllum commune, molecular weight determination, power law model
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