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1. (Article ID: 7337)
 
Weng BB, Lin YC, Hu CW, Kao MY, Wang SH, Lo DY, Lai TY, Kan LS, Chiou RY
Toxicological and immunomodulatory assessments of botryosphaeran (β-glucan) produced by Botryosphaeria rhodina RCYU 30101
Food and Chemical Toxicology 49(4) (2011) 910-916
 

Toxicological and immunomodulatory activities of botryosphaeran (BR), a newly emerged β-glucan that comprises a β-(1→3) backbone and β-(1→6) branched glucose residues were assessed. BR was 1820000 Da (M.W.) estimated by reversely-linear equation constructed by regression of logarithms of standard polysaccharides and their retention times of gel permeation chromatography. Sprague-Dawley rats were daily gavage-administered with BR at doses of 0, 1.25, 12.5, and 125 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 28 d. Serum hematological and biochemical analysis of all treatment were all within normal ranges. Mitogen-stimulated lymphoblastogenesis of spleno-lymphocytes was enhanced by BR at doses of 1.25 and 12.5 mg/kg BW. Through in vitro comparative assessments, RAW 264.7 macrophage (RAW) cells were treated with BR and two commercial β-glucans, zymosan (ZY) and barley β-glucan (GB), to characterize their relative immunomodulatory properties. All three β-glucans stimulated phagocytosis on fluorescence-labeled Escherichia coli. At dose levels from 5 to 200 μg/mL for 24h, nitric oxide produced by BR- and ZY-treated cells were higher than those produced by GB-treated and control groups. BR, ZY but GB also stimulated RAW cells in producing TNF-α. The results demonstrate that BR is toxicologically accepted and features as a potent immunomodulator.

gel permeation chromatography, β-glucan, immunomodulation, nitric oxide, Botryosphaeran, Sprague-Dawley rat

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2. (Article ID: 8203)
 
Imura T, Kawamura D, Taira T, Morita T, Fukuoka T, Aburai K, Sakai H, Abe M, Kitamoto D
Monolayer behavior of binary systems of lactonic and acidic forms of sophorolipids: thermodynamic analyses of Langmuir monolayers and AFM study of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers
Journal of Oleo Science 63(1) (2014) 67-73
 

The synergic effect and miscibility of the lactonic and acidic forms of sophorolipids (SLs) produced by Starmerella bombicola NBRC 10243 were first evaluated through atomic force microscopy (AFM), together with the Langmuir monolayer technique. The π-A isotherm of a pure lactonic sophorolipid (LS) monolayer mostly exhibited a liquid expanded monolayer, while that of an acidic sophorolipid (AS) monolayer showed a liquid condensed monolayer, suggesting that the lactonization of SLs makes the molecules more bulky and prevents them from adopting a close-packed arrangement. Plots of the mean area per molecule of mixed LS/AS monolayers gave positive deviations from the ideal curves, implying that the LS and AS molecules are miscible. Interestingly, the positive deviation of excess area (Aex) from ideality was most significant at a mole fraction (XAS) of 0.3, which closely resembles the composition of the LS/AS mixture secreted by S. bombicola in culture. The AFM images of mixed LS/AS monolayers transferred at 20 mN/m revealed no phase-separated microdomain structures, but rather showed small protruding objects for all compositions, indicating that LS and AS are partially miscible, as predicted by the positive deviations from the ideal curves. Cross-section analysis of the AFM images indicated that the observed protruding objects are AS-rich monolayers formed on the LS/AS monolayer. Our results clearly demonstrate that AFM combined with the Langmuir technique is useful for the exploration of the miscibility and synergic effects of microbial products.

atomic force microscopy, biosurfactant, sophorolipid, Starmerella bombicola, Langmuir monolayers

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3. (Article ID: 8204)
 
Guo Q, Cui SW
Polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinal, Cordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma: structures and bioactivities
Conference proceedings: Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry 17: The Changing Face of Food Manufacture: The Role of Hydrocolloids (17th : 2013 : Cambridge UK) (2014) Vol. 5, 303-318
 

In the past decades, polysaccharides isolated from natural sources (herbs) have attracted much attention due to their various types of bioactivities. Both publication and citations in scientific journals related to ‘bioactive polysaccharides’ have increased steadily particularly since 2003. A variety of polysaccharides extracted from botanical plants and fungi have been reported for their bioactivities. The claimed health benefits on humans include immune regulation, anti-tumor, antioxidant activity etc. Polysaccharides from mushroom have been reviewed by our group which attracted much attention. In the present paper, we mainly focus on polysaccharides isolated from three sources: Dendrobium officinal, Cordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma. The structural information, bioactive properties as well as their structural and function relationships are discussed.

polysaccharide, mushroom, bioactivity, Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps sinensis, structural properties, Dendrobium officinal

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4. (Article ID: 8205)
 
Krasnoff SB, Keresztes I, Donzelli BG, Gibson DM
Metachelins, mannosylated and N-oxidized coprogen-type siderophores from Metarhizium robertsii
Journal of Natural Products 77(7) (2014) 1685-1692
 

Under iron-depleted culture conditions, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii (Bischoff, Humber, and Rehner) (= M. anisopliae) produces a complex of extracellular siderophores including novel O-glycosylated and N-oxidized coprogen-type compounds as well as the known fungal siderophores N(α)-dimethylcoprogen (NADC) and dimerumic acid (DA). Metachelin A (1), the most abundant component in the M. robertsii siderophore mixture, was characterized as a 1094 Da analogue of NADC that is O-glycosylated by β-mannose at both terminal hydroxyl groups and N-oxidized at the dimethylated α-nitrogen. The mixture also contained a 1078 Da analogue, metachelin B (2), which lacks the N-oxide modification. Also characterized were the aglycone of 1, i.e., the N-oxide of NADC (3), and the monomannoside of DA (6). N-Oxide and O-glycosyl substituents are unprecedented among microbial siderophores. At high ESIMS source energy and at room temperature in DMSO, 1 underwent Cope elimination, resulting in loss of the N(α)-dimethyl group and dehydration of the α-β bond. High-resolution ESIMS data confirmed that all tri- and dihydroxamate siderophores (1-6) complex with trivalent Fe, Al, and Ga. In a chrome azurol S assay, all of the M. robertsii siderophores showed iron-binding activity roughly equivalent to that of desferrioxamine B.

metachelin, iron-depleted culture conditions, Metarhizium robertsii, fungal siderophore

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