Lentinan, a β-(1→3)-D-glucan isolated from a common edible mushroom, Lentinus edodes, is known as a biologically active macromolecules with very strong host-mediated anti-cancer activity, via activation of the human immune system. However, its widespread medicinal application is hindered by some technical difficulties in its extraction and purification, as well as a lack of thorough understanding of the structure-and-function relationship of this polysaccharide. This review aims at highlighting the different areas of research conducted on lentinan in the past 40 years, including its extraction and purification processes, the analysis of structure, the determination of its chain conformation and conformation transition in solution, as well as its rheological properties and bioactivities especially on anti-cancer treatment. About 156 literatures were cited to summarize the advancement of lentinan in the review paper.
conformation, extraction, Rheological properties, lentinan, bioactivities, Lentinus edodes, β-(1→3)-d-Glucan
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Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, but also of cancer, diabetes and rare diseases such as Wilson's disease (WD) and Niemann Pick type C1 (NPC). Mitochondrial dysfunction underlying human pathologies has often been associated with an aberrant cellular sphingolipid metabolism. Sphingolipids (SLs) are important membrane constituents that also act as signaling molecules. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been pivotal in unraveling mammalian SL metabolism, mainly due to the high degree of conservation of SL metabolic pathways. In this review we will first provide a brief overview of the major differences in SL metabolism between yeast and mammalian cells and the use of SL biosynthetic inhibitors to elucidate the contribution of specific parts of the SL metabolic pathway in response to for instance stress. Next, we will discuss recent findings in yeast SL research concerning a crucial signaling role for SLs in orchestrating mitochondrial function, and translate these findings to relevant disease settings such as WD and NPC. In summary, recent research shows that S. cerevisiae is an invaluable model to investigate SLs as signaling molecules in modulating mitochondrial function, but can also be used as a tool to further enhance our current knowledge on SLs and mitochondria in mammalian cells.
sphingolipids, yeast, mitochondrial function, Wilson disease, Niemann Pick type C1
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Polysaccharides from lichens have been studied for many years. The polysaccharide O-acetylated pustulan-type glucans have been found and reported in 56 species of Umbilicariaceae, such as Umbilicaria angulata, U. caroliniana, U. esculenta, U. hirsuta, U. polyphylla, and Lasallia papulosa etc. All the polysaccharide obtained from the lichens showed a remarkable antitumour effect especially the O-acetylated pustulan-type glucans. The authors also give a prospect of the feasibility of research and development for such a polysaccharide from lichens.
structure, antitumor activity, bioactivities, lichen-fungi, U. esculenta
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