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Osthole (1) as a natural product, has the potent anti-osteoporosis activity. In the present paper, a scaled-up biotransformation of 1 by Mucor spinosus AS 3.3450 was carried out for improving its activities and water-solubility. Nine metabolites were obtained in the biotransformation process of 1, and their structures were elucidated as 4′-hydroxyl-osthole (2), osthenol (3), osthenol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (4), 5′-hydroxyl- osthole (5), 5′-hydroxyl-2′,3′-dihydro-osthole (6), 2′,3′-dihydroxyl-osthole (7), 2′-ketone-3′-hydroxyl- osthole (8), 2′-acetoxy-3′-hydroxy-osthole (9) and 2′-hydroxyl-isoothole (10), on the basis of extensive spectral data including NMR-2D and MS spectroscopy. Among them, metabolites 6 and 8 were new. The hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, demethylation and glycosylation reactions of 1 by M. spinosus AS 3.3450 were reported in the present study. And anti-osteoporosis activities of all products were also evaluated by using MC3T3-E1 cells.
biotransformation, Mucor spinosus, anti-osteoporosis, Cunninghamella elegans, osthole
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This work investigated the surface and biological activity of lactonic and acidic sophorolipid (SL) molecules differing in the acetylation degree of sophorose, carbon chain length and unsaturation degree of the fatty acid moiety. Six different SL molecules were prepared from crude SLs produced by Wickerhamiella domercqiae var. sophorolipid CGMCC 1576. The structures of the selected SL molecules were elucidated by MS and GC/MS. The surface properties of SLs including critical micelle concentration (CMC), minimum surface tension (Min. S.T.) and emulsification capacity to hydrocarbon and vegetable oils were studied, and the results demonstrated that SL molecules with different structures exhibited quite different surface properties. Cytotoxicities of different SL molecules to Chang liver cells determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) method showed the effect of chemical structure of the SLs on their biological activities. Biodegradability of these SL molecules was tested using the river-water die-away method. The differences of surface and biological activity in different SL molecules will be of benefit for the applications of these SLs in specific fields such as the detergent, petroleum, pharmaceutical and environment industries.
cytotoxicity, sophorolipid, biodegradability, emulsification capacity, surface property
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The polysaccharides obtained from the alkali-extractable, water-soluble fraction (F1SS) from the cell wall of Myrothecium verrucaria and Myrothecium atroviride were shown to be composed of β-(1→6)-galactofuranose fully substituted at O-2 by terminal residues of α-glucopyranose and α-glucuronic acid. Glucuronic acid was substituted at O-4 by glucopyranose in the Myrothecium species M. inundatum, M. setiramosum, M. prestonii, M. tongaense and M. roridum. The acidic polysaccharides from Phaeostilbella atra (=Myrothecium atrum) and Myrothecium gramineum lacked the backbone of 2,6 di- O-substituted galactofuranose and contained a high amount of O-5-substituted β-galactofuranose. The structures of the polysaccharides isolated from Myrothecium cincture and Myrothecium penicilloides were unrelated to each other and to the polysaccharides from the other species analysed. The usefulness of these polysaccharides as a characteristic for delimitation of the genus Myrothecium is discussed.
taxonomy, cell-wall polysaccharides, Myrothecium
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