Many species of higher basidiomycetes have traditionally been used because of their medicinal properties. The positive effects associated to the consumption of those fungi have been mainly attributed to cell wall polysaccharides, which have important structural roles and are present throughout the entire life cycles of fungi. One of the most consumed and studied species native of the Americas is Agaricus subrufescens, a mushroom prescribed in different countries for prophylaxis and noninvasive treatment of numerous health-related disorders. Prior to the process of extraction, purification, and application of these polysaccharides, one needs to be concerned with the preservation of the specimen and production of fungal biomass. Even though basidiomata (syn. fruiting body, mushrooms) generally yield larger volumes of biomass when compared to the mycelium, cultivation of mycelium allows a more efficient control of the process and, therefore, is the method of choice of polysaccharide production. Mycelial biomass can be produced by solid-state fermentation (SSF) or submersed fermentation (SmF). Further separation and concentration of bioactive polysaccharides can be done by means of porous membranes, such as tangential flow nanofiltration.

polysaccharide, biological activity, Agaricus subrufescens, fungal biomass, solid-state fermentation (SSF), submersed fermentation (SmF), nanofiltration

• Compound ID: 4415
  

  -3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-

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  Structure type: homopolymer
  Trivial name: glucan, β-1,3-glucan, curdlan, curdlan-type polysaccharide 13140, paramylon, curdlan, laminarin, β-glucan, curdlan, β-(1,3)-glucan, β-(1,3)-glucan, curdlan, curdlan, β-1,3-glucan, paramylon, reserve polysaccharide, b-glucan, β-1,3-D-glucan, laminaran, botryosphaeran, laminaran type β-D-glucan, latiglucan I, pachymaran, Curdlan, zymosan A, β-glucan, curdlan, laminarin, zymosan, zymosan, glucan particles, zymosan, β-(1-3)-glucan, β-(1,3)-glucan, β-(1,3)glucan, pachymaran, D-glucan (DPn)540, pachyman, laminaran, curdlan, zymosan, zymosan, β-(1,3)-glucan, zymosan A, zymosan, β-1,3-glucan, curdlan, β-1,3-glucan, curdlan, β-1,3-glucan, curdlan, pachyman, β-(1,3)-glucan, curdlan, callose, a water-insoluble β-(1→3)-glucan, fermentum β-polysaccharide, water-insoluble glucan, alkali-soluble β-glucan (PeA3), alkali-soluble polysaccharide (PCAP), callose, laminarin
  Compound class: EPS, O-polysaccharide, cell wall polysaccharide, lipophosphoglycan, glycoprotein, LPG, glucan, polysaccharide, glycoside, β-glucan, β3-glucan, cell wall glucan
  Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G51056AN, GlycomeDB:157, CCSD:50049, CBank-STR:4225, CA-RN: 51052-65-4, GenDB:FJ3380871.1
  
   
  
  Agaricus blazei
  CSDB ID 42448 (all data & tools)
• Compound ID: 6167
  

  -6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-

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  Structure type: homopolymer
  Trivial name: pustulan, β-1,6-glucan, β-1,6-D-glucan, β(1-6)-D-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, lasiodiplodan, pustulan, β-(1,6)-glucan, lasiodiplodan, β-(1,6)-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, lasiodiplodan, pustulan, β-1,6-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, pustulan, β-(1→6)-glucan PCPS, water-soluble glucan (PS-I)
  Compound class: EPS, O-polysaccharide, cell wall polysaccharide, glycoprotein, glucan, polysaccharide, cell wall glucoprotein
  Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G26777BZ, GlycomeDB:863, CCSD:50854, CBank-STR:4234
  
   
  
  Agaricus brasiliensis KA21, Agaricus brasiliensis, Agaricus brasiliensis ABL 99/25, Agaricus brasiliensis 99/28, Agaricus brasiliensis 99/29, Agaricus brasiliensis 00/30, Agaricus brasiliensis M7700, Agaricus blazei
  CSDB ID 42446 (all data & tools)
• Compound ID: 20444
  

  /Variants 0/-+ | -6)-{{{-/Variants 1/-}}}/n=4/-b-D-Glcp-(1- /Variants 0/ is: 60%b-L-Fucp-(1-3)- OR (exclusively) 20%b-L-Araf-(1-3)- OR (exclusively) 20%D-Manp-(1-3)- /Variants 1/ is: b-D-Glcp-(1-6)- OR (exclusively) b-D-Galp-(1-6)-

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  Structure type: structural motif or average structure
  Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide
  
   
  
  Agaricus blazei
  CSDB ID 42450 (all data & tools)
• Compound ID: 17981
  

  a-L-Fucp-(1-2)-+ | -6)-a-D-Galp-(1-6)-a-D-Galp-(1-6)-a-D-Galp-(1-6)-a-D-Galp-(1-6)-a-D-Galp-(1-6)-a-D-Galp-(1-

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  Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
  Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide, fucogalactan
  Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G47674LV
  
   
  
  Agaricus brasiliensis
  CSDB ID 42447 (all data & tools)
• Compound ID: 20443
  

  b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-+ | -2)-b-D-Manp-(1-2)-b-D-Manp-(1-

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  Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 3100000
  Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide, mannoglucan
  Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G37941SY
  
   
  
  Agaricus subrufescens
  CSDB ID 42449 (all data & tools)

Subcutaneous Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice were treated with in situ inoculation of a β-glucan-rich extract of Agaricus brasiliensis (ATF), which reduced tumor growth. Histopathological analysis showed that the tumor masses of control mice (Ehr) presented giant tumor cells and many mitotic figures whereas the tumor tissue obtained from ATF-treated animals (Ehr-ATF) presented a lower frequency of both mitotic and giant cells, associated with a higher frequency of apoptotic cells than Ehr. Analysis of the lymphoproliferative activity of spleen cells showed that the treatment had a suppressive rather than a stimulatory effect. Spleen cells of the Ehr group produced higher in vitro levels of IL-10 than normal controls and this occurrence was partially avoided by treatment with ATF. Analysis of cytokine production by tumor-infiltrating cells (ELISpot) showed that ATF induced a higher number of IFN-gamma-producing cells at 7 and 14days as well as reduction of IL-10-secreting cells at the latter time. Confocal microscopy analysis showed higher intensity of labeling of CD4+ and Mac-3+ cells in ATF-treated mice. Analysis of in situ expression of angiogenic growth factors showed a slight decrease of FGF-2 mRNA in Ehr-ATF animals (7th day) but not of VEGF-A or TGF-β expression. This fraction could not directly lyse either lymphocytes or tumor cells and we speculate that antitumor effect of ATF could be due to induction of a selective migration of immunocompetent cells from the spleen to the tumor site and to the switch of cytokine production.

mushroom, β-glucan, Agaricus blazei, angiogenesis, IL-10, Ehrlich tumor

• Compound ID: 6167
  

  -6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-

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  Structure type: homopolymer
  Trivial name: pustulan, β-1,6-glucan, β-1,6-D-glucan, β(1-6)-D-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, lasiodiplodan, pustulan, β-(1,6)-glucan, lasiodiplodan, β-(1,6)-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, lasiodiplodan, pustulan, β-1,6-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, pustulan, β-(1→6)-glucan PCPS, water-soluble glucan (PS-I)
  Compound class: EPS, O-polysaccharide, cell wall polysaccharide, glycoprotein, glucan, polysaccharide, cell wall glucoprotein
  Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G26777BZ, GlycomeDB:863, CCSD:50854, CBank-STR:4234
  
   
  
  Agaricus brasiliensis ABL 99/25, Agaricus brasiliensis ABL 99/28, Agaricus brasiliensis ABL 99/29, Agaricus brasiliensis ABL 00/30
  CSDB ID 42486 (all data & tools)