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1. (Article ID: 8574)
 
Кuchmistov VA, Коziko NO, Кuchmistova OF, Shmatenko OP, Таrasenko VO, Drozdova AO
Theoretical and experimental substantiation of a fungal therapeutic drug with immunomodulating and antitumor action according to the authors’ prescription
Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9(1) (2018) 3-10
 

The article is devoted to a promising direction in pharmacological mycology and biotechnology, namely the use of Basidiomycetes as a biologically active substance for preparation of pharmaceuticals. The anticancer and immuno-stimulating properties of Basidiomycetes result from the structural characteristics of the polysaccharides: the presence of β-(1→3) connections in the main chain and an additional β-(1→6) branched part of glucans. Attention is focused on Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) as a unique biosystem with a strong ability to be involved in the regulatory mechanism of human immunomodulation. The purpose of the theoretical and experimental study is development of a pharmaceutical preparation from Shiitake biomass (including its immune cells), the effectiveness of which is considered from the standpoint of the chemistry of natural compounds. Having a 3000-year history of cultivation and application, this mushroom is again of interest to scientists around the world because of investigation into its therapeutic and prophylactic potentials. For the first time, the biotechnological method of cultivating L. edodes biomass was developed with the use of deep cultivation, adapted to the plant raw material base of Ukraine. Malt wort was used as a nutrient medium without processing Humulus lupulus. The analysis of research and preclinical studies of specific activity of the designated biosystem showed a steady increase in human immune status, particularly the antitumor status. This gives special relevance to the evaluation of the properties of the designated biosystem in order to further develop the corresponding fungo-therapeutic immunomodulatory and antitumor drug. According to the results of technological research: physico-chemical characteristics of Shiitake biomass dry powder (including crystallographic) were studied; the possibility of its tableting using only antifriction auxiliaries was substantiated; the optimum technology of tablet manufacturing with an operating name "Shitavit" was presented, an integrated approach to its creation was presented, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the drug was experimentally developed. The direct compression method was rejected due to unsatisfactory performance of all samples of tablets. The chosen technology of using preliminary granulation and the possibility of short-term contact of the L. edodes dry powder with a granulation liquid and an adjustable temperature regime allows all the properties of the biologically active substances of the designated raw material to be preserved. The research results for all series of the designated object showed relative stability of parameters for all indicators in laboratory samples. The information presented in this article is a guide to further research, necessary for a better understanding of the healing properties of fungal polysaccharides, increasing the use of broad-spectrum fungi-based preparations,leading to improvement of the quality of human life.

Lentinula edodes, antitumor effect, Shiitake fungus, tablets, immune resistance

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2. (Article ID: 9720)
 
Agnihotri C, Aarzoo, Agnihotri S, Kamal S, Singh BP
Mushroom bioactives: Traditional resources with nutraceutical importance
Book: Traditional resources and tools for modern drug discovery (2024) 617-639
 

Mushrooms are widely recognized for their significant contributions to human well-being, earning their status as functional foods due to their rich nutritional and therapeutic attributes. These fungi encompass diverse natural constituents, including polysaccharides, glycoproteins, phenolic compounds, and proteins, all exhibiting immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic, prebiotic, and antimicrobial properties. In recent years, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, mushroom and associated secondary metabolites have garnered increased recognition for their efficacy in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. The pandemic has increased a shift in people’s dietary preferences, aligning them more closely with healthier food options and nutritional supplements. Various mushroom species, including Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma species, Pleurotus species, and diverse wild mushrooms, known for their bioactive molecules, notably polysaccharides and proteins, have demonstrated immunomodulatory characteristics through their precise interactions with cellular receptors. Furthermore, ongoing research endeavors are focused on the targeted delivery of bioactive compounds derived from mushrooms, which are responsible for inhibiting cancerous cell growth and enhancing the phenomenon of apoptosis. This research direction is driven by increasing environmental and biological stress, which creates harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS play a pivotal role in disrupting critical mitochondrial signaling pathways, including MAPKs, caspase 3, caspase 9, and others. Numerous components from specific mushroom varieties hold the potential to rectify these pathological conditions and reinstate cellular homeostasis. In summary, the book chapter provides facts about the potential beneficial effect of mushroom extracts and their active compounds and sheds light on the underlying targeted studies in the sector of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals

mushrooms, immunomodulatory, reactive oxygen species, anticarcinogenic

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3. (Article ID: 9721)
 
Shi H, Zhang S, Zhu M, Li X, Jie W, Kan L
Extraction optimization, structural analysis, and potential bioactivities of a novel polysaccharide from Sporisorium reilianum
Antioxidants 13(8) (2024) ID 965
 

Sporisorium reilianum is an important biotrophic pathogen that causes head smut disease. Polysaccharides extracted from diseased sorghum heads by Sporisorium reilianum exhibit significant medicinal and edible value. However, the structure and biological activities of these novel polysaccharides have not been explored. In this study, a novel polysaccharide (WM-NP'-60) was isolated and purified from the fruit bodies of S. reilianum and aimed to explore the structural characteristics and substantial antioxidant and antitumor properties of WM-NP'-60. Monosaccharide composition determination, periodate oxidation-Smith degradation, 1D/2D-NMR analysis, and methylation analysis revealed that WM-NP'-60 consisted mainly of β-1,6-D-Glcp, β-1,3-D-Glcp, and β-1,3,6-D-Glcp linkages. The antioxidant assays demonstrated that WM-NP'-60 exhibited great activities, including scavenging free radicals, chelating ferrous ions, and eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells. The HepG2, SGC7901, and HCT116 cells examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed typical apoptotic bodies. Therefore, a novel fungal polysaccharide (WM-NP'-60) was discovered, extracted, and purified in this experiment, with the aim of providing a reference for the development of a new generation of food and nutraceutical products suitable for human consumption

polysaccharide, Antioxidant activity, antitumor activity, Sporisorium reilianum

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4. (Article ID: 10920)
 
Tomoda M, Shimada K, Shimizu N, Kanari M, Kaneko E
Plant mucilages. XXXVIII. The carbohydrate structure of a mucilage from the roots of Hibiscus moscheutos L.
Carbohydrate Research 151 (1986) 29-35
 

A representative mucilage, named Hibiscus-mucilage Mo, was isolated from the roots of Hibiscus moscheutos L.; it was homogeneous by ultracentrifugal analysis, electrophoresis, and gel chromatography. Its intrinsic viscosity in aqueous solution was 32.2. It is a partially acetylated, acidic polysaccharide of molecular weight ≈1,900,000, and is composed of l-rhamnose: d-galacturonic acid: d-glucuronic acid in approximately equimolar ratio. Methylation of the carboxyl-reduced derivative and partial hydrolysis studies indicated a repeating unit of the following structure [see in the text].

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