β-glucans, a group of polysaccharides exist in many organism species such as mushrooms, yeasts, oats, barley, seaweed, but not mammalians, have a variety of biological activities and applications in drugs and other healthcare products. In recent years, β-glucans have been studied as adjuvants in anti-infection vaccines as well as immunomodulators in anti-cancer immunotherapy. β-glucans can regulate immune responses when administered alone and can connect innate and adaptive immunity to improve immunogenicity of vaccines. When β-glucans act as immunostimulants or adjuvants, a set of receptors have been revealed to recognize β-glucans, including dectin-1, complement receptor 3 (CR3), CD5, lactosylceramide, and so on. Therefore, this review is mainly focused on the application of β-glucans as immune adjuvants, the receptors of β-glucans, as well as their structure and activity relationship which will benefit future research of β-glucans.

vaccine, adjuvant, receptor, β-glucan, anti-tumor, anti-infection, structure and activity relationship

• Compound ID: 4415
  

  -3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-

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  Structure type: homopolymer
  Trivial name: glucan, β-1,3-glucan, curdlan, curdlan-type polysaccharide 13140, paramylon, curdlan, laminarin, β-glucan, curdlan, β-(1,3)-glucan, β-(1,3)-glucan, curdlan, curdlan, β-1,3-glucan, paramylon, reserve polysaccharide, b-glucan, β-1,3-D-glucan, laminaran, botryosphaeran, laminaran type β-D-glucan, latiglucan I, pachymaran, Curdlan, zymosan A, β-glucan, curdlan, laminarin, zymosan, zymosan, glucan particles, zymosan, β-(1-3)-glucan, β-(1,3)-glucan, β-(1,3)glucan, pachymaran, D-glucan (DPn)540, pachyman, laminaran, curdlan, zymosan, zymosan, β-(1,3)-glucan, zymosan A, zymosan, β-1,3-glucan, curdlan, β-1,3-glucan, curdlan, β-1,3-glucan, curdlan, pachyman, β-(1,3)-glucan, curdlan, callose, a water-insoluble β-(1→3)-glucan, fermentum β-polysaccharide, water-insoluble glucan, alkali-soluble β-glucan (PeA3), alkali-soluble polysaccharide (PCAP), callose, laminarin
  Compound class: EPS, O-polysaccharide, cell wall polysaccharide, lipophosphoglycan, glycoprotein, LPG, glucan, polysaccharide, glycoside, β-glucan, β3-glucan, cell wall glucan
  Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G51056AN, GlycomeDB:157, CCSD:50049, CBank-STR:4225, CA-RN: 51052-65-4, GenDB:FJ3380871.1
  
   
  
  Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  CSDB ID 48768 (all data & tools)
• Compound ID: 21313
  

  /Variants 0/-+ | -3)-b-D-Glcp-(1- /Variants 0/ is: 3%b-D-Glcp-(1-6)- OR (exclusively) 1%b-D-Glcp-(1-2)-

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  Structure type: structural motif or average structure
  Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide, glucan
  
   
  
  Ganoderma lucidum
  CSDB ID 48767 (all data & tools)
• Compound ID: 6167
  

  -6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-

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  Structure type: homopolymer
  Trivial name: pustulan, β-1,6-glucan, β-1,6-D-glucan, β(1-6)-D-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, lasiodiplodan, pustulan, β-(1,6)-glucan, lasiodiplodan, β-(1,6)-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, lasiodiplodan, pustulan, β-1,6-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, pustulan, β-(1→6)-glucan PCPS, water-soluble glucan (PS-I)
  Compound class: EPS, O-polysaccharide, cell wall polysaccharide, glycoprotein, glucan, polysaccharide, cell wall glucoprotein
  Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G26777BZ, GlycomeDB:863, CCSD:50854, CBank-STR:4234
  
   
  
  Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus brasiliensis
  CSDB ID 48766 (all data & tools)

It is well known that terrestrial environments host an immense microbial biodiversity. Exposed to different types of stress, such as UV radiation, temperature fluctuations, water availability and the inter- / intra-specific competition for resources, terrestrial microorganisms have been evolved to produce a large spectrum of bioactive molecules. Bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and algae have shown a high potential of producing biomolecules for pharmaceutical or other industrial purposes as they combine a sustainable, relatively low-cost and fast-production process. Herein, we provide an overview of the different bioactive molecules produced by terrestrial microorganisms with skin protecting applications. The high content in polyphenolic and carotenoid compounds produced by several strains, as well as the presence of exopolysaccharides, melanins, indole and pyrrole derivatives, mycosporines, carboxylic acids and other molecules, are discussed in the context of their antioxidant, photo-protective and skin-whitening activity. Relevant biotechnological tools developed for the enhanced production of high added value natural products, as well as the protecting effect of some antioxidant, hydrolytic and degrading enzymes are also discussed. Furthermore, we describe classes of microbial compounds that are used or have the potential to be used as antimicrobials, moisturizers, biosurfactants, pigments, flavorings and fragrances.

Antioxidant, cosmetics, photo-protective, skin-whitening, terrestrial microorganisms

• Compound ID: 15326
  

  -4)-b-D-GlcpN-(1-

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  Structure type: homopolymer
  Trivial name: chitosan
  Compound class: O-polysaccharide, cell wall polysaccharide, glucan, polysaccharide
  Reference(s) to other database(s): GTC:G82804CF
  
   
  
  Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus japonicus, Mucor indicus, Aspergillus niger
  CSDB ID 49653 (all data & tools)
• Compound ID: 21910
  

  Subst-(3-4)-Subst1-(5-4)-a-D-Glcp Subst = mycosporine = SMILES CO/C1={3}C(O)/CC(O)(CO)CC1=O; Subst1 = glutaminol = SMILES NC(=O)CC{4}C(N){5}CO

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  Structure type: monomer
  Trivial name: myc–gln–glu (mycosporine-glutaminol-glucoside), myc–gln–glu (mycosporine-glutamicol-glucoside)
  Compound class: glycoside
  Reference(s) to other database(s): GenDB:FJ515268
  
   
  
  Rhodotorula minuta, Rhodotorula slooffiae, Rhodotorula lactosa, Cryptococcus liquefaciens
  CSDB ID 49651 (all data & tools)
• Compound ID: 21911
  

  Subst-(3-2)-L-Glu-(1-4)-a-D-Glcp Subst = mycosporine = SMILES CO/C1={3}C(O)/CC(O)(CO)CC1=O

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  Structure type: monomer
  Trivial name: myc–glс–glu (mycosporine-glutamicol-glucoside)
  Compound class: glycoside
  Reference(s) to other database(s): GenDB:FJ515268
  
   
  
  Cladosporium cladosporioides
  CSDB ID 49652 (all data & tools)