Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_130701,IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_144983,IEDB_152206,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,IEDB_983930,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_44,SB_67,SB_7,SB_72,SB_88

• Article ID: 374
  Shashkov AS, Streshinskaia GM, Kosmachevskaia LN, Senchenkova SN, Evtushenko LI, Naumova IB "NMR-based identification of cell wall galactomannan of Streptomyces sp. VKM Ac-2125" - Carbohydrate Research 338(19) (2003) 2021-2024
  

  The major cell wall polymer of Streptomyces sp. VKM Ac-2125, the causative agent of potato scab, is galactomannan with the repeating unit of the following structure: [carbohydrate structure in text] The polysaccharide with such a structure is found in the bacterial cell wall for the first time. The cell wall also contains small amount of a teichoic acid of the poly(glycerol phosphate) type and 3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid.

  teichoic acid, Galactomannan, Kdn;, Plant pathogenic streptomycete

  NCBI PubMed ID: 14499580
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: i_naumova@mail.ru; naumova@microbiol.bio.msu.su
  Institutions: N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, School of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142292, Russian Federation
  Methods: NMR-2D, NMR
  
   
  
  Streptomyces sp. VKM (AC-2125)
  CSDB ID 8307 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: homopolymer
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, O-antigen
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 1777
  Knirel YA, Kochetkov NK "The structure of lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria. III. The structure of O-antigens: A review" - Biochemistry (Moscow) 59(12) (1994) 1325-1383
  

  This review summarizes data on the composition and structure of the O-antigens, the polysaccharide chains of the outer-membrane lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria defining the immunospecificity of these microbial cells. Special reference is given to some structural features of the O-antigens, such as the presence of unique monosaccharides and noncarbohydrate components, masked regularity, and the occurrence in one microorganism of LPS with structurally different polysaccharide chains. Antigenic relationships between microorganisms belonging to different taxonomic groups are discussed.

  structure, O-antigen, chemical composition, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, Salmonella livingstone C1

  NCBI PubMed ID: 7533007
  Journal NLM ID: 0376536
  Publisher: Nauka/Interperiodica
  Institutions: Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  
   
  
  Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 5
  CSDB ID 108568 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4328
  Knirel YA "Structure of O-antigens" - Book: Bacterial lipopolysaccharides: Structure, chemical synthesis, biogenesis and interaction with host cells (2011) Chapter 3, 41-115
  

  The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major constituent of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Its lipid A moiety is embedded in the membrane and serves as an anchor for the rest of the LPS molecule. The outermost repetitive glycan region of the LPS is linked to the lipid A through a core oligosaccharide (OS), and is designated as the O-specific polysaccharide (O-polysaccharide, OPS) or O-antigen. The O-antigen is the most variable portion of the LPS and provides serological specificity, which is used for bacterial serotyping. The OPS also provides protection to the microorganisms from host defenses such as complement mediated killing and phagocytosis, and is involved in interactions of bacteria with plants and bacteriophages. Studies of the OPSs ranging from the elucidation of their chemical structures and conformations to their biological and physico-chemical properties help improving classification schemes of Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, these studies contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of infectious diseases, as well as provided information to develop novel vaccines and diagnostic reagents.

  Lipopolysaccharide, synthesis, lipopolysaccharides, structure, Bacterial, host, O-antigen, O antigen, cell, O antigens, O-antigens, chemical, interaction, cells, PDF, chemical synthesis, biogenesis

  Publication DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0733-1_3
  Publisher: Springer
  Correspondence: knirel@ioc.ac.ru
  Editors: Knirel YA, Valvano MA
  Institutions: Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  
   
  
  Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 5
  CSDB ID 27715 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4433
  Perry MB, Altman E, Brisson JR "Structural caharacteristics of the antigenic capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides involved in the serological classification of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae strains" - Serodiagnosis and Immunotherapy in Infectious Disease 4 (1990) 299-308
  

  The detailed structures of the specific capsular polysaccharides and cellular lipopolysaccharides of the 12 known serotypes of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae are presented and their serological relationships are discussed together with their significance in the control of swine pleuropneumonia.

  lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharides, capsules, Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0888-0786(90)90018-J
  Journal NLM ID: 8707525
  Publisher: London; Orlando: Academic Press
  Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0R6
  Methods: serological methods
  
   
  
  Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 5
  CSDB ID 28814 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 12089
  Kačuráková M, Capek P, Sasinková V, Wellner N, Ebringerova A "FT-IR study of plant cell wall model compounds: pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses" - Carbohydrate Polymers 43(2) (2000) 195-203
  

  Pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses extracted from plants were studied in highly hydrated films on BaF2 discs. Distinctive absorption band maxima in the mid-infrared region at 1200–800 1/cm were shown to be useful for the identification of polysaccharides with different structure and composition. Two series of the hexopyranose and pentopyranose monosaccharides, which are the structural units of the plant cell wall polysaccharides, were also studied by FT-IR spectroscopy in solution (i.e. comparable to the amorphous state of the polymers). Their spectral data showed that the main IR band positions are influenced by the relative position of axial and equatorial (OH) groups on the pyranoid ring.

  polysaccharides, cell wall, monosaccharides, FT-IR spectroscopy

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0144-8617(00)00151-X
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, UK
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, IR, acid hydrolysis, acetylation, methylation analysis
  
   
  
  Malva manuritiana
  CSDB ID 66465 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: LPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136105,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_142487,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,IEDB_225177,IEDB_885823,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_6,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 2390
  Weintraub A, Zähringer U, Lindberg AA "Structural studies of the polysaccharide part of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide from Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343" - European Journal of Biochemistry 151 (1985) 657-661
  

  The structure of the polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide from Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343 has been determined using sugar and methylation analysis as the principal tools. Phenol--water extraction followed by a phenol--chloroform--light petroleum extraction yielded a lipopolysaccharide suitable for structural analysis. Analysis of sugars using alditol acetates showed that the polysaccharide contained L-rhamnose, D-galactose and D-glucose in the approximate molar ratios of 1:5:1. After weak acid hydrolysis, two polysaccharide fractions were isolated by gel permeation chromatography: PSI and PSII with the sugar molar ratios 1:5:1 and 1:2:1 respectively. Chromium trioxide oxidation revealed that all galactosyl residues have the β configuration, and that the rhamnosyl and glucosyl residues have the alpha configuration. From methylation analysis of lipopolysaccharide and the PS I and PS II fractions the following structures could be deduced.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 4029152
  Publication DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09154.x
  Journal NLM ID: 0107600
  Publisher: Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies
  Institutions: Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  Methods: GC-MS
  
   
  
  Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343
  CSDB ID 122910 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: LPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136105,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_142487,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,IEDB_225177,IEDB_885823,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_6,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 2390
  Weintraub A, Zähringer U, Lindberg AA "Structural studies of the polysaccharide part of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide from Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343" - European Journal of Biochemistry 151 (1985) 657-661
  

  The structure of the polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide from Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343 has been determined using sugar and methylation analysis as the principal tools. Phenol--water extraction followed by a phenol--chloroform--light petroleum extraction yielded a lipopolysaccharide suitable for structural analysis. Analysis of sugars using alditol acetates showed that the polysaccharide contained L-rhamnose, D-galactose and D-glucose in the approximate molar ratios of 1:5:1. After weak acid hydrolysis, two polysaccharide fractions were isolated by gel permeation chromatography: PSI and PSII with the sugar molar ratios 1:5:1 and 1:2:1 respectively. Chromium trioxide oxidation revealed that all galactosyl residues have the β configuration, and that the rhamnosyl and glucosyl residues have the alpha configuration. From methylation analysis of lipopolysaccharide and the PS I and PS II fractions the following structures could be deduced.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 4029152
  Publication DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09154.x
  Journal NLM ID: 0107600
  Publisher: Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies
  Institutions: Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  Methods: GC-MS
  
   
  
  Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343
  CSDB ID 122911 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Aglycon: lipid A
Trivial name: core region
Compound class: core oligosaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136105,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_142487,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,IEDB_225177,IEDB_885823,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_6,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 3622
  Knirel YA, Kochetkov NK "The structure of lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria. II. The structure of the core region" - Biochemistry (Moscow) 58(2) (1993) 84-99
  

  This review summarizes data on the structure of the core of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), an oligosaccharide which binds the lipid moiety of LPS to the O-antigenic polysaccharide chain. Both S-strains with complete LPS and R-mutants having various defects of core biosynthesis are considered. The role of the core in the functioning of the outer membrane and in the manifestation of antigenic specificity of LPS is discussed.

  Lipopolysaccharide, antigen, lipopolysaccharides, LPS, structure, core, bacteria, core region, region, Gram-negative bacteria, gram negative bacteria, Gram-negative, review, outer membrane, bacterial lipopolysaccharide

  Journal NLM ID: 0376536
  Publisher: Nauka/Interperiodica
  Institutions: N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Russian Federation)
  
   
  
  Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343
  CSDB ID 24984 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: homopolymer ; n=22
Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 5832
  Pyclik M, Srutkova D, Schwarzer M, Gorska S "Bifidobacteria cell wall-derived exo-polysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycans, polar lipids and proteins - their chemical structure and biological attributes" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 147 (2020) 333-349
  

  A variety of health benefits has been documented to be associated with the consumption of probiotic bacteria, namely bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Thanks to the scientific advances in recent years we are beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria in general and probiotic bacteria in particular act as host physiology and immune system modulators. More recently, the focus has shifted from live bacteria towards bacteria-derived defined molecules, so called postbiotics. These molecules may represent safer alternative compared to the live bacteria while retaining the desired effects on the host. The excellent source of effector macromolecules is the bacterial envelope. It contains compounds that are pivotal in the adhesion phenomenon, provide direct bacteria-to-host signaling capacity and the associated physiological impact and immunomodulatory properties of bacteria. Here we comprehensively review the structure and biological role of Bifidobacterium surface and cell wall molecules: exopolysaccharides, cell wall polysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, polar lipids, peptidoglycans and proteins. We discuss their involvement in direct signaling to the host cells and their described immunomodulatory effects.

  exopolysaccharide, Bacterial antigens, Bifidobacterium, peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, probiotics

  NCBI PubMed ID: 31899242
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.227
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: schwarzer@biomed.cas.cz; sabina.gorska@hirszfeld.pl
  Institutions: Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland, Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
  
   
  
  Bifidobacterium bifidum PR11
  CSDB ID 6473 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Trivial name: mucin oligosaccharide
Compound class: O-glycan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115013,IEDB_130645,IEDB_130646,IEDB_130649,IEDB_135813,IEDB_135815,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137340,IEDB_137472,IEDB_140108,IEDB_140122,IEDB_141496,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141807,IEDB_146694,IEDB_149558,IEDB_151528,IEDB_151531,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,IEDB_418918,IEDB_689191,IEDB_918314,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_30,SB_40,SB_7,SB_87,SB_88

• Article ID: 5936
  Giorgi ME, de Lederkremer RM "The Glycan Structure of T. cruzi mucins Depends on the Host. Insights on the Chameleonic Galactose" - Molecules 25(17) (2020) 3913
  

  Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoa that causes Chagas disease in humans, is transmitted by insects from the Reduviidae family. The parasite has developed the ability to change the structure of the surface molecules, depending on the host. Among them, the mucins are the most abundant glycoproteins. Structural studies have focused on the epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes that colonize the insect, and on the mammal trypomastigotes. The carbohydrate in the mucins fulfills crucial functions, the most important of which being the accepting of sialic acid from the host, a process catalyzed by the unique parasite trans-sialidase. The sialylation of the parasite influences the immune response on infection. The O-linked sugars have characteristics that differentiate them from human mucins. One of them is the linkage to the polypeptide chain by the hexosamine, GlcNAc, instead of GalNAc. The main monosaccharide in the mucins oligosaccharides is galactose, and this may be present in three configurations. Whereas β-d-galactopyranose (β-Galp) was found in the insect and the human stages of Trypanosoma cruzi, β-d-galactofuranose (β-Galf) is present only in the mucins of some strains of epimastigotes and α-d-galactopyranose (α-Galp) characterizes the mucins of the bloodstream trypomastigotes. The two last configurations confer high antigenic properties. In this review we discuss the different structures found and we pose the questions that still need investigation on the exchange of the configurations of galactose.

  sialic acid, Trypanosoma cruzi, mucins, α-galactopyranose, β-galactofuranose

  NCBI PubMed ID: 32867240
  Publication DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173913
  Journal NLM ID: 100964009
  Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: MDPI
  Correspondence: lederk@qo.fcen.uba.ar
  Institutions: Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
  
   
  
  Trypanosoma cruzi
  CSDB ID 4539 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) GPI anchor
Compound class: GPI-anchor
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115013,IEDB_120354,IEDB_123890,IEDB_130645,IEDB_130651,IEDB_130701,IEDB_131186,IEDB_134624,IEDB_135818,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136104,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_140116,IEDB_141492,IEDB_141793,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141807,IEDB_141829,IEDB_142346,IEDB_143632,IEDB_144983,IEDB_144987,IEDB_144993,IEDB_149558,IEDB_151528,IEDB_151531,IEDB_152206,IEDB_153201,IEDB_153220,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156494,IEDB_156557,IEDB_156983,IEDB_167072,IEDB_176772,IEDB_190606,IEDB_221845,IEDB_241097,IEDB_474450,IEDB_742245,IEDB_742246,IEDB_742247,IEDB_742248,IEDB_918313,IEDB_918314,IEDB_983930,SB_136,SB_163,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_191,SB_195,SB_196,SB_198,SB_31,SB_44,SB_62,SB_67,SB_7,SB_72,SB_87,SB_88

• Article ID: 5969
  Morotti AMM, Martins-Teixeira MB, Carvalho I "Protozoan Parasites Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors: Structures, Functions and Trends for Drug Discovery" - Current Medicinal Chemistry 26(23) (2019) 4301-4322
  

  Background: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors are molecules located on cell membranes of all eukaryotic organisms. Proteins, enzymes, and other macromolecules which are anchored by GPIs are essential elements for interaction between cells, and are widely used by protozoan parasites when compared to higher eukaryotes. Methods: More than one hundred references were collected to obtain broad information about mammalian and protozoan parasites' GPI structures, biosynthetic pathways, functions and attempts to use these molecules as drug targets against parasitic diseases. Differences between GPI among species were compared and highlighted. Strategies for drug discovery and development against protozoan GPI anchors were discussed based on what has been reported on literature. Results: There are many evidences that GPI anchors are crucial for parasite's survival and interaction with hosts' cells. Despite all GPI anchors contain a conserved glycan core, they present variations regarding structural features and biosynthetic pathways between organisms, which could offer adequate selectivity to validate GPI anchors as drug targets. Discussion was developed with focus on the following parasites: Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania, Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, causative agents of tropical neglected diseases. Conclusion: This review debates the main variances between parasitic and mammalian GPI anchor biosynthesis and structures, as well as clues for strategic development for new anti-parasitic therapies based on GPI anchors.

  Immunotherapy, protozoan, drug discovery, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), lipopeptidophosphoglycans (LPPGs)

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28748758
  Publication DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170727110801
  Journal NLM ID: 9440157
  Publisher: Saif Zone, Sharjah, U.A.E.: Bentham Science Publishers
  Correspondence: carronal@usp.br
  Institutions: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  
   
  
  Trypanosoma brucei
  CSDB ID 7339 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: LPG
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_116886,IEDB_130701,IEDB_134623,IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_144983,IEDB_152206,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156494,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,IEDB_221845,IEDB_241097,IEDB_433717,IEDB_983930,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_44,SB_67,SB_7,SB_72,SB_88

• Article ID: 5984
  Nogueira PM, Guimaraes AC, Assis RR, Sadlova J, Myskova J, Pruzinova K, Hlavackova J, Turco SJ, Torrecilhas AC, Volf P, Soares RP "Lipophosphoglycan polymorphisms do not affect Leishmania amazonensis development in the permissive vectors Lutzomyia migonei and Lutzomyia longipalpis" - Parasites and Vectors 10 (2017) 608
  

  Background: Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a dominant surface molecule of Leishmania promastigotes. Its species-specific polymorphisms are found mainly in the sugars that branch off the conserved Gal(β1,4)Man(α1)-PO4 backbone of repeat units. Leishmania amazonensis is one of the most important species causing human cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World. Here, we describe LPG intraspecific polymorphisms in two Le. amazonensis reference strains and their role during the development in three sand fly species. Results: Strains isolated from Lutzomyia flaviscutellata (PH8) and from a human patient (Josefa) displayed structural polymorphism in the LPG repeat units, possessing side chains with 1 and 2 β-glucose or 1 to 3 β-galactose, respectively. Both strains successfully infected permissive vectors Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia migonei and could colonize their stomodeal valve and differentiate into metacyclic forms. Despite bearing terminal galactose residues on LPG, Josefa could not sustain infection in the restrictive vector Phlebotomus papatasi. Conclusions: LPG polymorphisms did not affect the ability of Le. amazonensis to develop late-stage infections in permissive vectors. However, the non-establishment of infection in Ph. papatasi by Josefa strain suggested other LPG-independent factors in this restrictive vector.

  lipophosphoglycan, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Leishmania amazonensis, Lutzomyia migonei, Phlebotomus papatasi, Vector-parasite interaction

  Publication DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2568-8
  Journal NLM ID: 101462774
  Publisher: London: BioMed Central
  Correspondence: paulamn.bio@gmail.com
  Institutions: Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, Departamento de Parasitologia, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
  Methods: acid hydrolysis, FACE, immunoblotting, CE, enzymatic treatment, macrophage activity assay, sand fly infections, morphometry
  
   
  
  Leishmania amazonensis MHOM/BR/1975/Josefa
  CSDB ID 8266 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit ; 605000
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_140629,IEDB_141794,IEDB_142487,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,IEDB_423115,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_6,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 6053
  Feng X, Zhang H, Lai PFH, Xiong Z, Ai L "Structure characterization of a pyruvated exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus plantarum AR307" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 178 (2021) 113-120
  

  A pyruvated exopolysaccharide designated as LPE-1 was isolated and purified from the fermentation broth of Lactobacillus plantarum AR307 and characterized for its chemical structure. The results indicated that LPE-1 contained galactopyranose (Galp) and glucopyranose (Glcp) at a molar ratio of 2: 1. The weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw) of LPE-1 was 605 kDa, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.57, intrinsic viscosity ([ƞ]) of 3.28 dL/g, Mark-Houwink-Sakurada exponent α of 0.65 and gyration of radius (Rg) of 36.10 nm. The results of GC-MS and NMR revealed that pyruvate (Pyr) was found to form cyclic ketals at O-4 and O-6 position of terminal galactopyranose (T-Galp). The backbone of LPE-1 was identified to be consisted of 1,4-β-D-Glcp (23.19%), 1,4-α-D-Glcp (11.38%) and 1,4,6-β-D-Galp (12.05%), branched by 1,6-β-D-Galp (38.88%) at O-6 position of 1,4,6-β-D-Galp residue and terminated by T-β-D-Galp (5.60%) or T-β-D-(4,6-Pyr)-Galp (8.90%). A possible structural unit was proposed for LPE-1 as follows: where Galp* is either T-β-D-(4,6-Pyr)-Galp or T-β-D-Galp. The presence of pyruvate group in LPE-1 would play an important role in improving the viscosity and plasticity of dairy products.

  NMR, structure, exopolysaccharide, pyruvate, Lactobacillus plantarum

  NCBI PubMed ID: 33621574
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.119
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: ailianzhong1@126.com
  Institutions: Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, GC-MS, FTIR, composition analysis, HPSEC-MALLS, HPAEC-PAD, extraction, depyruvylation
  
   
  
  Lactobacillus plantarum AR307
  CSDB ID 10847 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_140629,IEDB_141794,IEDB_142487,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,IEDB_423115,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_6,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 6053
  Feng X, Zhang H, Lai PFH, Xiong Z, Ai L "Structure characterization of a pyruvated exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus plantarum AR307" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 178 (2021) 113-120
  

  A pyruvated exopolysaccharide designated as LPE-1 was isolated and purified from the fermentation broth of Lactobacillus plantarum AR307 and characterized for its chemical structure. The results indicated that LPE-1 contained galactopyranose (Galp) and glucopyranose (Glcp) at a molar ratio of 2: 1. The weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw) of LPE-1 was 605 kDa, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.57, intrinsic viscosity ([ƞ]) of 3.28 dL/g, Mark-Houwink-Sakurada exponent α of 0.65 and gyration of radius (Rg) of 36.10 nm. The results of GC-MS and NMR revealed that pyruvate (Pyr) was found to form cyclic ketals at O-4 and O-6 position of terminal galactopyranose (T-Galp). The backbone of LPE-1 was identified to be consisted of 1,4-β-D-Glcp (23.19%), 1,4-α-D-Glcp (11.38%) and 1,4,6-β-D-Galp (12.05%), branched by 1,6-β-D-Galp (38.88%) at O-6 position of 1,4,6-β-D-Galp residue and terminated by T-β-D-Galp (5.60%) or T-β-D-(4,6-Pyr)-Galp (8.90%). A possible structural unit was proposed for LPE-1 as follows: where Galp* is either T-β-D-(4,6-Pyr)-Galp or T-β-D-Galp. The presence of pyruvate group in LPE-1 would play an important role in improving the viscosity and plasticity of dairy products.

  NMR, structure, exopolysaccharide, pyruvate, Lactobacillus plantarum

  NCBI PubMed ID: 33621574
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.119
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: ailianzhong1@126.com
  Institutions: Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, GC-MS, FTIR, composition analysis, HPSEC-MALLS, HPAEC-PAD, extraction, depyruvylation
  
   
  
  Lactobacillus plantarum AR307
  CSDB ID 7966 (all data & tools)

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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit ; 22200
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136907,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156497,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,IEDB_221845,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 6179
  Zhou Y, Cui Y, Suo C, Wang Q, Qu W "Structure, physicochemical characterization, and antioxidant activity of the highly arabinose-branched exopolysaccharide EPS-M2 from Streptococcus thermophilus CS6" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 192 (2021) 716-727
  

  Streptococcus thermophilus CS6 could produce the high exopolysaccharide (EPS) level in optimized skimmed milk medium. However, physicochemical properties and structure of these polymers have not been fully characterized. In this study, two purified fractions (EPS-M1 and EPS-M2) exhibited good rheology, thermostability and antioxidant activity. Further monosaccharide composition, molecular weight and NMR analysis indicated EPS-M2 was composed of galactose, arabinose and glucose (5:2.5:1) with an average molecular weight of 2.22×104 Da and its suggested repeating unit was →6)-[α-L-Araf-(1→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-[α-L-Araf-(1→5)-{α-L-Araf-(1→3)}-α-L-Araf-(1→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-[β-D-Galp-(1→5)-α-L-Araf-(1→5)-α-L-Araf-(1→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-[β-D-Galp-(1→5)-α-L-Araf-(1→5)-{α-L-Araf-(1→3)}-α-L-Araf-(1→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→. High EPS production relied on the expression of eps gene cluster and key enzymes of nucleotide sugar metabolism. Overall, EPS-M2 from a potential functional starter S. thermophilus CS6 provided opportunities for natural thickener, stabilizer, and antioxidant agent exploration in the food industry.

  structure, Streptococcus thermophilus, exopolysaccharide, Rheology, anti-oxidation

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.047
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: yhcui@hit.edu.cn
  Institutions: Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China, Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, PR China
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, GC-MS, sugar analysis, GLC, mild acid hydrolysis, FTIR, HPLC, GPC, RT-PCR, function analysis of gene clusters, rheological study, antioxidant activity assay, TGA, DSC
  
   
  
  Streptococcus thermophilus CS6
  CSDB ID 10982 (all data & tools)

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Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 15000
Trivial name: fomitellan A
Compound class: mannofucogalactan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_130701,IEDB_134624,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136045,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_137485,IEDB_141794,IEDB_142489,IEDB_144562,IEDB_144983,IEDB_150948,IEDB_151528,IEDB_152206,IEDB_152214,IEDB_153201,IEDB_153553,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156557,IEDB_174333,IEDB_190606,IEDB_461719,IEDB_742248,IEDB_983930,SB_154,SB_163,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_44,SB_67,SB_7,SB_72,SB_86,SB_88

• Article ID: 7035
  Cho S-M, Koshino H, Yu S-H, Yoo I-D "A mannofucogalactan, fomitellan A, with mitogenic effect from fruit bodies of Fomitella fraxinea (Imaz.)" - Carbohydrate Polymers 37(1) (1998) 13-18
  

  A heterogalactan, fomitellan A, was isolated from a 0.9% sodium chloride extract of the fruit bodies of Fomitella fraxinea by a combination of fractionation procedures, including precipitation with ethanol and chromatography on columns of DEAE±cellulose and Toyopearl HW 65F. On employing gel permeation±high performance liquid chromatograpy, fomitellan A exhibited a single peak with a molecular weight of 15 kDa. The results of methylation, and 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopic analyses indicated that the heterogalactan fomitellan A was a repeating unit (pentasaccharide) composed of a backbone with (1 ! 6)-linked d-galactopyranosyl residues. Its C-2 atom position was substituted with disaccharide units of 3-O-d-mannopyranosyl-l-fucopyranosyl residues. The fucomannaogalactan (fomitellan A) from Fomitella fraxinea showed pronounced immunostimulating activity in an in vitro lymphocytes proliferation assay

  fomitellan A, mannofucogalactan, Fomitella fraxinea, mitogenic effect

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00041-1
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: idyoo@kribb4680.kribb.re.kr
  Institutions: Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejeon, South Korea, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Japan, Department of Agricultural Biology, Chungnam National University, Taejeon, South Korea
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, IR, GC-MS, TLC, acid hydrolysis, GC, radioactivity measurement, HPLC, GPC, extraction, optical rotation measurement, ethanol precipitation, lymphocyte proliferation assay
  
   
  
  Fomitella fraxinea
  CSDB ID 43401 (all data & tools)

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Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 17000
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_130701,IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_140116,IEDB_141794,IEDB_142487,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144983,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_152206,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156557,IEDB_190606,IEDB_76933,IEDB_983930,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_44,SB_6,SB_67,SB_7,SB_72,SB_88

• Article ID: 7180
  Yu R, Yin Y, Yang W, Maa W, Yang L, Chen X, Zhang Z, Ye B, Song L "Structural elucidation and biological activity of a novel polysaccharide by alkaline extraction from cultured Cordyceps militaris" - Carbohydrate Polymers 75(1) (2009) 166-171
  

  A novel polysaccharide named CBP-1 was isolated from the fruiting body of cultured Cordyceps militaris by alkaline extraction as well as anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. Its structural features were investigated by a combination of chemical and instrumental analysis approaches, including partial hydrolysis, methylation analysis, HIO4 oxidation-Smith degradation, GC–MS, 13C NMR, HPAEC-PAD and FT-IR. The results indicated that CBP-1 has a backbone of (1→4)-α-d-mannose residues which occasionally branches at O-3. The branches were mainly composed of (1→4)-α-d-glucose residues and (1→6)-β-D-galactose residues, and terminated with β-D-galactose residues. In the in vitro antioxidant assay, CBP-1 was found to possess the hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 0.638 mg/ml.

  polysaccharide structure, Antioxidant, fruiting bodies, Cultured Cordyceps militaris, HPAEC-PAD analysis, alkaline extraction

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.07.023
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: Yu R ; Song L
  Institutions: College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
  Methods: acid hydrolysis, GC, Smith degradation, biological assays, FTIR, GPC, HPAEC-PAD, periodate oxidation, optical rotation measurement, methylation analysis, 13C-NMR, GC–MS, alkaline extraction
  
   
  
  Cordyceps militaris
  CSDB ID 43697 (all data & tools)

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Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 50000
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, fucoglucogalactan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115015,IEDB_134624,IEDB_135614,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136045,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_140529,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_142489,IEDB_144562,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_149135,IEDB_150948,IEDB_151528,IEDB_152214,IEDB_153201,IEDB_153217,IEDB_153218,IEDB_153543,IEDB_153553,IEDB_153755,IEDB_156489,IEDB_156493,IEDB_156557,IEDB_158538,IEDB_158555,IEDB_167069,IEDB_174333,IEDB_190606,IEDB_241101,IEDB_461719,IEDB_742248,IEDB_983931,SB_154,SB_163,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_7,SB_86,SB_88

• Article ID: 7261
  Wang Z, Luo D, Liang Z "Structure of polysaccharides from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus Pers" - Carbohydrate Polymers 57(3) (2004) 241-247
  

  The water-soluble crude polysaccharide HP, obtained from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus Pers by boiling-water extraction and ethanol precipitation, was fractionated by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography, giving two polysaccharide fractions termed HPA and HPB. The polysaccharide of HPA consists of Glc, Gal and Fuc in the ratios 1:2.110:0.423, and HPB contains the monosaccharides Gal and Glc in molar ratios of 1:11.529. On the basis of methylation and GC-MS analysis, periodate oxidation-Smith degradation, and partial acid hydrolysis, the repeating units of HPA and HPB were established.

  polysaccharide, structural analysis, Hericium erinaceus Pers

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.04.018
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: Liang Z
  Institutions: School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China, School of Material Science and Engineering, HuaQiao University, Quanzhou, China
  Methods: methylation, IR, GC-MS, acid hydrolysis, GC, Smith degradation, paper chromatography, composition analysis, GPC, ion-exchange chromatography, extraction, periodate oxidation, optical rotation measurement, acetylation, methylation analysis, SEC, reduction, reduction with NaBH4, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, Sevag method, TFA hydrolysis
  
   
  
  Hericium erinaceus
  CSDB ID 43964 (all data & tools)